{"id":12187,"date":"2022-06-22T19:13:51","date_gmt":"2022-06-22T16:13:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/?p=12187"},"modified":"2026-01-06T18:18:59","modified_gmt":"2026-01-06T16:18:59","slug":"araabia-ladina-tahetabel","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/araabia-ladina-tahetabel\/","title":{"rendered":"Araabia-ladina t\u00e4hetabel"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u00dcRO kohanimekorralduskonverentsil 1972. a heaks kiidetud tabel. Eestis kasutamiseks soovitanud Emakeele Seltsi keeletoimkond (1996).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Araabia kirja kirjutatakse paremalt vasakule. Kirja p\u00f5hit\u00e4hed m\u00e4rgivad kaash\u00e4\u00e4likuid, teatud juhtudel ka pikki t\u00e4ish\u00e4\u00e4likuid. L\u00fchikesi t\u00e4ish\u00e4\u00e4likuid saab m\u00e4rkida rea kohale v\u00f5i alla lisatud diakriitiliste m\u00e4rkidega. Kaash\u00e4\u00e4liku topeldumist, t\u00e4ish\u00e4\u00e4liku puudumist jne m\u00e4rgitakse samuti diakriitiliste m\u00e4rkidega. Igap\u00e4evakirjas diakriitikuid ei kasutata. Teksti, milles on m\u00e4rgitud l\u00fchikesed ja pikad t\u00e4ish\u00e4\u00e4likud, nimetatakse vokaliseeritud tekstiks. J\u00e4rgmistes tabelites on tekst enamjaolt vokaliseerimata, v.a t\u00e4ish\u00e4\u00e4likum\u00e4rkide jaotises.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaash\u00e4\u00e4likut\u00e4hed<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Araabia kiri on siduskiri. \u00dchel araabia t\u00e4hel v\u00f5ib seet\u00f5ttu olla kuni neli kuju s\u00f5ltuvalt sellest, kuidas ta on naabert\u00e4htedega seotud. J\u00e4rgmises tabelis on 1. veerus araabia t\u00e4ht iseseisval kujul, 2. veerus paremalt vasakule lugedes t\u00e4ht s\u00f5na algul, keskel ja l\u00f5pus (t\u00e4psemini v\u00e4ljendudes seotuna j\u00e4rgmise t\u00e4hega, m\u00f5lemalt poolt ja eelmise t\u00e4hega). M\u00f5nda t\u00e4hte saab siduda vaid eelmise t\u00e4hega, sel juhul on 2. veerus vaid \u00fcks kuju,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ises.<\/th>Seotud<\/th>Nim.<\/th>Vasted<\/th>N\u00e4ited<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
\u0621<\/td><\/td>hamzah<\/em><\/td>= \u2019<\/strong> (\u00fcldjuhul)<\/td>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 = Al-Balq\u0101\u2019<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td><\/td><\/td>j\u00e4\u00e4b m\u00e4rkimata (s\u00f5na algul)<\/td>\u0623\u0628\u0647\u0627 = Abh\u0101<\/td><\/tr>
\u0627<\/td>\u0640\u0627<\/td>alif<\/em><\/td>j\u00e4\u00e4b m\u00e4rkimata1<\/sup><\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u0628<\/td>\u0628\u0640 \u0640\u0628\u0640 \u0640\u0628<\/td>b\u0101\u2019<\/em><\/td>= b<\/strong><\/td>\u0628\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a = Bangh\u0101z\u012b, \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0648\u0628 = Abn\u016bb<\/td><\/tr>
\u062a<\/td>\u062a\u0640 \u0640\u062a\u0640 \u0640\u062a<\/td>t\u0101\u2019<\/em><\/td>= t<\/strong>2<\/sup><\/td>\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 = T\u016bnis, \u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u062a = Tikr\u012bt<\/td><\/tr>
\u062b<\/td>\u062b\u0640 \u0640\u062b\u0640 \u0640\u062b<\/td>th\u0101\u2019<\/em><\/td>= th<\/strong><\/td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0646\u0649 = Al-Muthann\u00e1<\/td><\/tr>
\u062c<\/td>\u062c\u0640 \u0640\u062c\u0640 \u0640\u062c<\/td>j\u012bm<\/em><\/td>= j<\/strong><\/td>\u062c\u0646\u064a\u0646 = Jan\u012bn, \u0646\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0646 = Najr\u0101n<\/td><\/tr>
\u062d<\/td>\u062d\u0640 \u0640\u062d\u0640 \u0640\u062d<\/td>\u1e29\u0101\u2019<\/em><\/td>= \u1e29<\/strong><\/td>\u062d\u0644\u0628 = \u1e28alab, \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0621 = Al-A\u1e29s\u0101\u2019<\/td><\/tr>
\u062e<\/td>\u062e\u0640 \u0640\u062e\u0640 \u0640\u062e<\/td>kh\u0101\u2019<\/em><\/td>= kh<\/strong><\/td>\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0646 = Kh\u0101naq\u012bn, \u0623\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0645 = Akhm\u012bm<\/td><\/tr>
\u062f<\/td>\u0640\u062f<\/td>d\u0101l<\/em><\/td>= d<\/strong> <\/td>\u062f\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0648\u0631 = Damanh\u016br, \u0639\u062f\u0646 = \u2018Adan<\/td><\/tr>
\u0630<\/td>\u0640\u0630<\/td>dh\u0101l<\/em><\/td>= dh<\/strong><\/td>\u0630\u0645\u0627\u0631 = Dham\u0101r, \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0630\u0642\u064a\u0629 = Al-L\u0101dhiq\u012byah<\/td><\/tr>
\u0631<\/td>\u0640\u0631<\/td>r\u0101\u2019<\/em><\/td>= r<\/strong><\/td>\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f = Rash\u012bd, \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 = Al-Q\u0101hirah<\/td><\/tr>
\u0632<\/td>\u0640\u0632<\/td>z\u0101y<\/em><\/td>= z<\/strong><\/td>\u0632\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0629 = Zuw\u0101rah, \u062a\u0639\u0632 = Ta\u2018izz<\/td><\/tr>
\u0633<\/td>\u0633\u0640 \u0640\u0633\u0640 \u0640\u0633<\/td>s\u012bn<\/em><\/td>= s<\/strong><\/td>\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0631 = Sinn\u0101r, \u0637\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0633 = \u0162\u016bb\u0101s<\/td><\/tr>
\u0634<\/td>\u0634\u0640 \u0640\u0634\u0640 \u0640\u0634<\/td>sh\u012bn<\/em><\/td>= sh<\/strong><\/td>\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631 = Sharq D\u0101rf\u016br, \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0634 = Al-\u2018Ar\u012bsh<\/td><\/tr>
\u0635<\/td>\u0635\u0640 \u0640\u0635\u0640 \u0640\u0635<\/td>\u015f\u0101d<\/em><\/td>= \u015f<\/strong><\/td>\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0627 = \u015eayd\u0101, \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0631 = Al-Uq\u015fur<\/td><\/tr>
\u0636<\/td>\u0636\u0640 \u0640\u0636\u0640 \u0640\u0636<\/td>\u1e11\u0101d<\/em><\/td>= \u1e11<\/strong><\/td>\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0646 = A\u1e11-\u1e10u\u2018ayn, \u062d\u0636\u0631\u0645\u0648\u062a = \u1e28a\u1e11ramawt<\/td><\/tr>
\u0637<\/td>\u0637\u0640 \u0640\u0637\u0640 \u0640\u0637<\/td>\u0163\u0101\u2019<\/em><\/td>= \u0163<\/strong><\/td>\u0637\u0647\u0637\u0627 = \u0162ah\u0163\u0101<\/td><\/tr>
\u0638<\/td>\u0638\u0640 \u0640\u0638\u0640 \u0640\u0638<\/td>z\u0327\u0101\u2019<\/em><\/td>= z\u0327<\/strong><\/td>\u0638\u0641\u0627\u0631 = Z\u0327uf\u0101r<\/td><\/tr>
\u0639<\/td>\u0639\u0640 \u0640\u0639\u0640 \u0640\u0639<\/td>\u2018ayn<\/em><\/td>= \u2018<\/strong><\/td>\u0639\u062a\u0627\u0642 = \u2018At\u0101q, \u0642\u0644\u0639\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d = Qal\u2018at \u015e\u0101li\u1e29<\/td><\/tr>
\u063a<\/td>\u063a\u0640 \u0640\u063a\u0640 \u0640\u063a<\/td>ghayn<\/em><\/td>= gh<\/strong><\/td>\u063a\u0632\u0629 = Ghazzah, \u0645\u063a\u0627\u063a\u0629 = Magh\u0101ghah<\/td><\/tr>
\u0641<\/td>\u0641\u0640 \u0640\u0641\u0640 \u0640\u0641<\/td>f\u0101\u2019<\/em><\/td>= f<\/strong><\/td>\u0641\u0627\u0648 = F\u0101w, \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0641\u0648\u0641 = Al-Huf\u016bf<\/td><\/tr>
\u0642<\/td>\u0642\u0640 \u0640\u0642\u0640 \u0640\u0642<\/td>q\u0101f<\/em><\/td>= q<\/strong><\/td>\u0642\u0637\u0631 = Qa\u0163ar, \u0633\u0642\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0621 = Suqu\u0163r\u0101\u2019<\/td><\/tr>
\u0643<\/td>\u0643\u0640 \u0640\u0643\u0640 \u0640\u0643<\/td>k\u0101f<\/em><\/td>= k<\/strong><\/td>\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621 = Karbal\u0101\u2019, \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0643\u0629 = Al-\u1e28asakah<\/td><\/tr>
\u0644<\/td>\u0644\u0640 \u0640\u0644\u0640 \u0640\u0644<\/td>l\u0101m<\/em><\/td>= l<\/strong>3<\/sup><\/td>\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 = Lubn\u0101n, \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 = Al-Khal\u012bl<\/td><\/tr>
\u0645<\/td>\u0645\u0640 \u0640\u0645\u0640 \u0640\u0645<\/td>m\u012bm<\/em><\/td>= m<\/strong><\/td>\u0645\u0643\u0629 = Makkah, \u0645\u062e\u0645\u0627\u0633 = Mukhm\u0101s<\/td><\/tr>
\u0646<\/td>\u0646\u0640 \u0640\u0646\u0640 \u0640\u0646<\/td>n\u016bn<\/em><\/td>= n<\/strong><\/td>\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633 = N\u0101bulus, \u0646\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0649 = N\u012bnaw\u00e1<\/td><\/tr>
\u0647<\/td>\u0647\u0640 \u0640\u0647\u0640 \u0640\u0647<\/td>h\u0101\u2019<\/em><\/td>= h<\/strong>2<\/sup><\/td>\u0647\u064a\u062a = H\u012bt, \u062c\u0647\u064a\u0646\u0629 = Juhaynah<\/td><\/tr>
\u0648<\/td>\u0640\u0648<\/td>w\u0101w<\/em><\/td>= w<\/strong><\/td>\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637 = W\u0101si\u0163, \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633 = As-Suways<\/td><\/tr>
\u064a<\/td>\u064a\u0640 \u0640\u064a\u0640 \u0640\u064a<\/td>y\u0101\u2019<\/em><\/td>= y<\/strong><\/td>\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0646 = Yafran, \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0636 = Al-Ubayyi\u1e11<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>
Araabia kaash\u00e4\u00e4likut\u00e4hed<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
    \n
  1. M\u00e4rgib tavaliselt pikka \u0101<\/em>-d, vt vasteid j\u00e4rgmisest tabelist.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. Naissoost nimis\u00f5nade l\u00f5pus esineb kahe punktiga h\u0101\u2019<\/em> (\u0629 \u0640\u0629) ehk t\u0101\u2019 marb\u016b\u0163ah<\/em>. Selle vaste latinisatsioonis on h\u00e4\u00e4ldumatu h<\/em>. Kui tegu on status constructus<\/em>\u2019e vormiga, latiniseeritakse see t<\/em>-ga. Vrd \u0647\u0645\u0632\u0629 hamzah<\/em>, aga \u0647\u0645\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0639 hamzat al-qat\u2018<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. Erikuju: l\u0101m<\/em> + alif<\/em> = \u0644\u0627.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    T\u00e4ish\u00e4\u00e4likum\u00e4rgid ja diakriitikud<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    L\u00fchikesi t\u00e4ish\u00e4\u00e4likuid a<\/em>, i<\/em> ja u<\/em> m\u00e4rgitakse kaash\u00e4\u00e4likut\u00e4he peale v\u00f5i alla lisatud m\u00e4rkidega. Nendesamade m\u00e4rkide \u00fchendid alif<\/em>\u2019iga, w\u0101w<\/em>\u2019ga ja y\u0101<\/em>\u2019ga annavad tulemuseks vastavad pikad h\u00e4\u00e4likud \u0101<\/em>, \u012b<\/em> ja \u016b<\/em>. Lisam\u00e4rkidega saab veel n\u00e4idata, et kaash\u00e4\u00e4lik on \u00fcksi, ilma t\u00e4ish\u00e4\u00e4likuta (suk\u016bn<\/em>), v\u00f5i ta h\u00e4\u00e4ldub kahekordselt, pikalt (shaddah<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    T\u00e4hed<\/th>Nim.<\/th>Vasted<\/th>N\u00e4ited<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
    \u0640\u064e<\/td>fat\u1e29ah<\/em><\/td>= a<\/strong><\/td>\u0623\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064e\u062f\u0652\u062d\u064e\u062a\u0650\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0629 = Al-Mad\u1e29at\u012byah<\/td><\/tr>
    \u0640\u064e\u0648\u0652<\/td><\/td>= aw<\/strong><\/td>\u062d\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0627\u0646 = \u1e28awr\u0101n<\/td><\/tr>
    \u0640\u064e\u064a\u0652<\/td><\/td>= ay<\/strong><\/td>\u0623\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0628\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0631\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646 = Al-Ba\u1e29rayn<\/td><\/tr>
    \u0640\u0650<\/td>kasrah<\/em><\/td>= i<\/strong><\/td>\u0623\u064e\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0650\u0644\u0650\u0646\u0652\u062c\u064e\u0627\u062a = Ad-Dilinj\u0101t<\/td><\/tr>
    \u0640\u064f<\/td>\u1e11ammah<\/em><\/td>= u<\/strong><\/td>\u0623\u064e\u0628\u064f\u0648 \u0633\u064f\u0646\u0652\u0628\u064f\u0644 = Ab\u016b Sunbul<\/td><\/tr>
    \u0640\u0652<\/td>suk\u016bn<\/em><\/td>t\u00e4ish\u00e4\u00e4liku puudumine<\/td>\u0625\u0650\u062f\u0652\u0641\u064f\u0648 = Idf\u016b<\/td><\/tr>
    \u0640\u064e\u0627<\/td><\/td>= \u0101<\/strong><\/td>\u0628\u064e\u0627\u0646\u0650\u064a\u064e\u0627\u0633 = B\u0101niy\u0101s<\/td><\/tr>
    \u0622<\/td>alif maddah<\/em><\/td>= \u0101<\/strong> (s\u00f5na algul)<\/td>\u0622\u0642 \u0635\u064f\u0648 = \u0100q \u015e\u016b<\/td><\/tr>
    <\/td><\/td>= \u2019\u0101<\/strong> (s\u00f5na keskel)<\/td>\u0642\u064f\u0631\u0652\u0622\u0646 = Qur\u2019\u0101n<\/td><\/tr>
    \u0640\u0650\u064a<\/td><\/td>= \u012b<\/strong><\/td>\u062c\u0650\u064a\u0628\u064f\u0648\u062a\u0650\u064a = J\u012bb\u016bt\u012b<\/td><\/tr>
    \u0640\u064f\u0648<\/td><\/td>= \u016b<\/strong><\/td>\u0628\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0631\u064f\u0648\u062a = Bayr\u016bt<\/td><\/tr>
    \u0640\u064e\u0649<\/td>alif maq\u015f\u016brah<\/em><\/td>= \u00e1<\/strong><\/td>\u0645\u064f\u0648\u0633\u064e\u0649 = M\u016bs\u00e1<\/td><\/tr>
    \u0640\u064b<\/td><\/td>= a\u207f<\/strong><\/td>(klassikalises keeles)<\/td><\/tr>
    \u0640\u064d<\/td><\/td>= i\u207f<\/strong><\/td>(klassikalises keeles)<\/td><\/tr>
    \u0640\u064c<\/td><\/td>= u\u207f<\/strong><\/td>(klassikalises keeles)<\/td><\/tr>
    \u0640\u0651<\/td>shaddah<\/em><\/td>kaash\u00e4\u00e4liku topeldumine<\/td>\u0623\u064e\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064e\u0645\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0645 = Ad-Damm\u0101m<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>
    Araabia t\u00e4ish\u00e4\u00e4likum\u00e4rgid jm<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    M\u00e4rkused<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
      \n
    1. Hamzah<\/em>\u2019 m\u00e4rk (\u0621) esineb \u00fcksi suhteliselt harva, enamasti on tal kandja, st alust\u00e4ht \u2013 kas alif<\/em> (\u0623, \u0625), w\u0101w<\/em> (\u0624) v\u00f5i y\u0101\u2019<\/em> (\u0626). Alust\u00e4hte sel juhul ei latiniseerita, \u00fcksnes hamzah<\/em>. S\u00f5na algul on kandja alati alif<\/em>; kui hamzah<\/em> on t\u00e4he peal, on esimene t\u00e4ish\u00e4\u00e4lik a<\/em> v\u00f5i u<\/em>; kui t\u00e4he all, siis algab s\u00f5na i<\/em>-ga. S\u00f5na keskel ja l\u00f5pus s\u00f5ltub kandja valik peamiselt naaberh\u00e4\u00e4likutest, vt t\u00e4psemalt KNABi t\u00e4hetabelist<\/a>. N\u00e4iteid: \u0628\u0650\u0626\u0652\u0631 bi\u2019r<\/em>, \u0633\u064e\u0623\u064e\u0644\u064e sa\u2019ala<\/em>, \u0633\u064f\u0624\u064e\u0627\u0644 su\u2019\u0101l<\/em>, \u0631\u064e\u0626\u0650\u064a\u0633 ra\u2019\u012bs<\/em>, \u0623\u064e\u0635\u0652\u062f\u0650\u0642\u064e\u0627\u0621\u064f a\u015fdiq\u0101\u2019u<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    2. M\u00e4\u00e4ratud artikkel al<\/em> kirjutatakse nime algul suure t\u00e4hega, nime keskel v\u00e4ikese t\u00e4hega, artikli ja nime vahel tarvitatakse sidekriipsu, nt Al-A\u0163las at-Tall, Al-Ba\u1e29r al-Abya\u1e11.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    3. Kui artikkel al<\/em> liitub s\u00f5naga, mis algab \u00fchega \u201ep\u00e4ikeset\u00e4htedest\u201c (d, dh, \u1e11, l, n, r, s, sh, \u015f, t, th, \u0163, z, z\u0327<\/em>), siis artikli l<\/em> sarnastub nimealguse kaash\u00e4\u00e4likuga, nt \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 Ash-Sh\u0101riqah (mitte Al-Sh\u0101riqah).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    4. Omaduss\u00f5nade l\u00f5pp –\u012by\/\u012byah<\/em> on soovitatav \u00fchtlustada sellele kujule (mitte -iyy\/iyyah<\/em>).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

      \u00dcRO araabia-ladina t\u00e4hetabel 2017<\/h2>\n\n\n\n