{"id":15553,"date":"2023-07-11T19:24:55","date_gmt":"2023-07-11T16:24:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/?p=15553"},"modified":"2023-07-12T13:13:18","modified_gmt":"2023-07-12T10:13:18","slug":"hiina-teisendustabel","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/hiina-teisendustabel\/","title":{"rendered":"Hiina teisendustabel"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Wade-Giles<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Hiina s\u00f5nu ja nimesid pannakse t\u00e4nap\u00e4eval ladina kirja \u00fcmber pinyin<\/em>\u2019i s\u00fcsteemi kohaselt, mis tuli Hiinas k\u00e4ibele 1950. aastatel ja levis rahvusvaheliselt 1970. aastatel . Enne seda oli maailmas k\u00f5ige levinum latinisatsioonis\u00fcsteem Wade’i-Gilesi t\u00e4iendatud s\u00fcsteem<\/strong> (Modified Wade-Giles System<\/em>). Selle autorid olid Thomas Francis Wade, kes pani s\u00fcsteemile aluse XIX sajandi keskel, ja Herbert A. Giles, kes t\u00e4iendas seda oma hiina-inglise s\u00f5naraamatus (1892). S\u00fcsteem oli levinud rohkem ingliskeelsetes maades, sellest oli aga teisendeid ja lihtsustusi muudes riikides.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tunnuslik sellele s\u00fcsteemile on \u00fclakomarohkus. k, p, t<\/em> ja k’, p’, t’<\/em> erinevus on sama mis pinyin<\/em>\u2019is g, b, d<\/em> ja k, p, t<\/em> erinevus: esimesed on \u00fcsna eesti k, p, t<\/em> sarnased, teine sari aga h\u00f5lmab aspireeritud (h\u00f5ngatud) sulgh\u00e4\u00e4likuid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selle s\u00fcsteemi nimesid \u00fcmber kirjutades tuleb olla t\u00e4helepanelik, et l\u00e4hteks olev kirjapilt ikka vastab Wade’i-Gilesi s\u00fcsteemile; sageli puuduvad t\u00e4psust n\u00f5udvad \u00fclakomad ja sel juhul ei saa \u00fcheselt teisendada.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

WG silbialgused<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u00c4ra on toodud vaid juhtumid, kus s\u00fcsteemid \u00fcksteisest erinevad.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

WG<\/th>Pinyin<\/em><\/th>N\u00e4ited (silbid)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
ch<\/td>zh<\/strong> (\u00fcldjuhul)<\/td>chang \u2192 zhang<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>j<\/strong> (i<\/em> \/v.a. l\u00f5pp –ih<\/em>\/ ja \u00fc<\/em> ees)<\/td>ching \u2192 jing<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
ch’<\/td>ch<\/strong> (\u00fcldjuhul)<\/td>ch’ang \u2192 chang<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>q<\/strong> (i<\/em> \/v.a. l\u00f5pp –ih<\/em>\/ ja \u00fc<\/em> ees)<\/td>ch’ing \u2192 qing<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
hs<\/td>x<\/strong><\/td>hsin \u2192 xin<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
j<\/td>r<\/strong><\/td>j\u00ean \u2192 ren<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
k<\/td>g<\/strong><\/td>kuang \u2192 guang<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
k’<\/td>k<\/strong><\/td>k’uang \u2192 kuang<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
p<\/td>b<\/strong><\/td>pai \u2192 bai<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
p’<\/td>p<\/strong><\/td>p’ai \u2192 pai<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
ss<\/td>s<\/strong><\/td>ss\u016d \u2192 si<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
sz<\/td>s<\/strong><\/td>sz\u016d \u2192 si<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
t<\/td>d<\/strong><\/td>tung \u2192 dong<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
t’<\/td>t<\/strong><\/td>t’ung \u2192 tong<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
ts<\/td>z<\/strong><\/td>tsang \u2192 zang<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
ts’<\/td>c<\/strong><\/td>ts’ang \u2192 cang<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
tz<\/td>z<\/strong><\/td>tz\u016d \u2192 zi<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
tz’<\/td>c<\/strong><\/td>tz’\u016d \u2192 ci<\/code><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>
Hiina silbialgused<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

WG silbil\u00f5pud<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
WG<\/th>Pinyin<\/em><\/th>N\u00e4ited (silbid)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
\u00ea<\/td>e<\/strong><\/td>\u00ea \u2192 e<\/code>, sh\u00ea \u2192 she<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
eh<\/td>e<\/strong> (silbis yeh<\/em>)<\/td>yeh \u2192 ye<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
en<\/td>an<\/strong> (silbis yen<\/em>)<\/td>yen \u2192 yan<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u00ean<\/td>en<\/strong><\/td>w\u00ean \u2192 wen<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u00eang<\/td>eng<\/strong><\/td>t\u00eang \u2192 deng<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u00earh<\/td>er<\/strong> (eraldi silp)<\/td>\u00earh \u2192 er<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
i<\/td>i<\/strong> (\u00fcldjuhul)<\/td>li \u2192 li<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>yi<\/strong> (eraldi silbina)<\/td>i \u2192 yi<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
ieh<\/td>ie<\/strong><\/td>lieh \u2192 lie<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
ien<\/td>ian<\/strong><\/td>hsien \u2192 xian<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
ih<\/td>i<\/strong><\/td>chih \u2192 zhi<\/code>, ch’ih \u2192 chi<\/code>, jih \u2192 ri<\/code>, shih \u2192 shi<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
iung<\/td>iong<\/strong><\/td>ch’iung \u2192 qiong<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
o<\/td>o<\/strong> (p, p’, m, f, w, y<\/em> j\u00e4rel)<\/td>po \u2192 bo<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>uo<\/strong> (t, t’, n, l, ch, ch’, j, ts, ts’, s<\/em> j\u00e4rel)<\/td>to \u2192 duo<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>e<\/strong> (k, k’, h<\/em> j\u00e4rel ja eraldi silbina)<\/td>ho \u2192 he<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
u<\/td>u<\/strong> (\u00fcldjuhul)<\/td>ku \u2192 gu<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>ou<\/strong> (y<\/em> j\u00e4rel)<\/td>yu \u2192 you<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u016d<\/td>i<\/strong><\/td>ss\u016d \u2192 si<\/code>, tz\u016d \u2192 zi<\/code>, tz’\u016d \u2192 ci<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u00fc<\/td>u<\/strong> (\u00fcldjuhul)<\/td>ch\u00fc \u2192 ju<\/code>, ch’\u00fc \u2192 qu<\/code>, hs\u00fc \u2192 xu<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>\u00fc<\/strong> (n, l<\/em> j\u00e4rel)<\/td>n\u00fc \u2192 n\u00fc<\/code>, l\u00fc \u2192 l\u00fc<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u00fcan<\/td>uan<\/strong><\/td>ch\u00fcan \u2192 juan<\/code>, ch’\u00fcan \u2192 quan<\/code>, hs\u00fcan \u2192 xuan<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u00fceh<\/td>ue<\/strong> (\u00fcldjuhul)<\/td>ch\u00fceh \u2192 jue<\/code>, ch’\u00fceh \u2192 que<\/code>, hs\u00fceh \u2192 xue<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>\u00fce<\/strong> (n, l<\/em> j\u00e4rel)<\/td>n\u00fceh \u2192 n\u00fce<\/code>, l\u00fceh \u2192 l\u00fce<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
uei<\/td>ui<\/strong> (k, k’<\/em> j\u00e4rel)<\/td>kuei \u2192 gui<\/code>, k’uei \u2192 kui<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u00fcn<\/td>un<\/strong><\/td>ch\u00fcn \u2192 jun<\/code>, ch’\u00fcn \u2192 qun<\/code>, hs\u00fcn \u2192 xun<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
ung<\/td>ong<\/strong><\/td>jung \u2192 rong<\/code><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>
Hiina silbil\u00f5pud<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Nimen\u00e4iteid: Chao Ts\u00ea-tsung \u2192 Zhao Zezong<\/code>, Chou Hai-\u00ean \u2192 Zhou Hai'en<\/code>, P’\u00eang J\u00ean \u2192 Peng Ren<\/code>, Lo Jui-ch’i \u2192 Luo Ruiqi<\/code>, Liu Ch’ing-shao \u2192 Liu Qingshao<\/code>, Pieh Lin \u2192 Bie Lin<\/code>, Paot’ou \u2192 Baotou<\/code>, Shanghai \u2192 Shanghai<\/code>, Taku \u2192 Dagu<\/code>, Sz\u016dch’uan \u2192 Sichuan<\/code>, Chingkangshan \u2192 Jinggang Shan<\/code>, Yangtz\u016dchiang \u2192 Yangzi Jiang<\/code>, Ch’\u00fcehshui \u2192 Queshui<\/code> (Kaden, lk 42).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Palladiuse transkriptsioon<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Vene keeles kasutatav Palladiuse transkriptsioon p\u00e4rineb p\u00f5hiosas Palladiuse (P. Kafarovi) ja P. Popovi hiina-vene s\u00f5naraamatust 1888, hiljem on seda veidi t\u00e4iendatud ja kohandatud uuele kirjaviisile.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Palladiuse silbialgused<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Pall.<\/th>Pinyin<\/em><\/th>N\u00e4ited (silbid)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
\u0431<\/td>b<\/strong><\/td>\u0431\u0430\u043e \u2192 bao<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u0432<\/td>w<\/strong><\/td>\u0432\u044d\u043d\u044c \u2192 wen<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u0433<\/td>g<\/strong><\/td>\u0433\u0443\u0439 \u2192 gui<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u0434<\/td>d<\/strong><\/td>\u0434\u044d\u043d \u2192 deng<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u0436<\/td>r<\/strong><\/td>\u0436\u044d\u043d\u044c \u2192 ren<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u043a<\/td>k<\/strong><\/td>\u043a\u044d \u2192 ke<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u043b<\/td>l<\/strong><\/td>\u043b\u0435 \u2192 lie<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u043c<\/td>m<\/strong><\/td>\u043c\u0430\u043e \u2192 mao<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u043d<\/td>n<\/strong><\/td>\u043d\u044f\u043e \u2192 niao<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u043f<\/td>p<\/strong><\/td>\u043f\u043e \u2192 po<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u0441<\/td>s<\/strong> (\u00fcldjuhul)<\/td>\u0441\u0443\u043d\u044c \u2192 sun<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>x<\/strong> (\u0435, \u0438, \u044e, \u044f ees)<\/td>\u0441\u044f\u043d\u044c \u2192 xian<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u0442<\/td>t<\/strong><\/td>\u0442\u0430\u043e \u2192 tao<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u0444<\/td>f<\/strong><\/td>\u0444\u044d\u043d\u044c \u2192 fen<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u0445<\/td>h<\/strong><\/td>\u0445\u044d \u2192 he<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u0446<\/td>c<\/strong> (\u00fcldjuhul)<\/td>\u0446\u0430\u043e \u2192 cao<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>q<\/strong> (\u0435, \u0438, \u044e, \u044f ees)<\/td>\u0446\u044f\u043e \u2192 qiao<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u0446\u0437<\/td>z<\/strong> (\u00fcldjuhul)<\/td>\u0446\u0437\u0430\u043e \u2192 zao<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>j<\/strong> (\u0435, \u0438, \u044e, \u044f ees)<\/td>\u0446\u0437\u044f\u043e \u2192 jiao<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u0447<\/td>ch<\/strong><\/td>\u0447\u0443\u043d \u2192 chong<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u0447\u0436<\/td>zh<\/strong><\/td>\u0447\u0436\u044d\u043d\u044c \u2192 zhen<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u0448<\/td>sh<\/strong><\/td>\u0448\u0443\u0439 \u2192 shui<\/code><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>
Silbialgused<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Palladiuse silbil\u00f5pud<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Tabelis lisatud m\u00e4rge “eraldi silbina” t\u00e4histab juhtumeid, kui silbialguse kaash\u00e4\u00e4likut polegi. Sel juhul on latinisatsioonivaste m\u00f5nikord erinev, vrd \u043b\u044f\u043d \u2192 liang<\/code>, aga \u044f\u043d \u2192 yang<\/code>. T\u00e4helepanelik tuleb olla vene transkriptsioonis \u043d-l\u00f5puliste silpidega, neile vastab latinisatsioonis ng<\/em>. Niisamuti tuleb eristada \u0435-d ja \u044d-d, vrd \u0431\u0435 \u2192 bie<\/em>, \u0431\u044d \u2192 be<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pall.<\/th>Pinyin<\/em><\/th>N\u00e4ited (silbid)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
\u0430<\/td>a<\/strong><\/td>\u043c\u0430 \u2192 ma<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u0430\u0439<\/td>ai<\/strong><\/td>\u043d\u0430\u0439 \u2192 nai<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u0430\u043d<\/td>ang<\/strong><\/td>\u0432\u0430\u043d \u2192 wang<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u0430\u043d\u044c<\/td>an<\/strong><\/td>\u0433\u0430\u043d\u044c \u2192 gan<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u0430\u043e<\/td>ao<\/strong><\/td>\u0431\u0430\u043e \u2192 bao<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u0435<\/td>ie<\/strong>, eraldi silbina ye<\/strong><\/td>\u0431\u0435 \u2192 bie<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u0438<\/td>i<\/strong>, eraldi silbina yi<\/strong><\/td>\u043b\u0438 \u2192 li<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u0438\u043d<\/td>ing<\/strong>, eraldi silbina ying<\/strong><\/td>\u043c\u0438\u043d \u2192 ming<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u0438\u043d\u044c<\/td>in<\/strong>, eraldi silbina yin<\/strong><\/td>\u0446\u0437\u0438\u043d\u044c \u2192 jin<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u043e<\/td>uo<\/strong> (\u00fcldjuhul)<\/td>\u0442\u043e \u2192 tuo<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>o<\/strong> (\u0431, \u0432, \u043c, \u043f, \u0444 j\u00e4rel ja eraldi silbina)<\/td>\u0432\u043e \u2192 wo<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u043e\u04391<\/sup><\/td>ui<\/strong> (silbis \u0445\u043e\u0439)<\/td>\u0445\u043e\u0439 \u2192 hui<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u043e\u0443<\/td>ou<\/strong><\/td>\u043a\u043e\u0443 \u2192 kou<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u0443<\/td>u<\/strong>, eraldi silbina wu<\/strong><\/td>\u0434\u0443 \u2192 du<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u0443\u0430<\/td>ua<\/strong><\/td>\u043a\u0443\u0430 \u2192 kua<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u0443\u0430\u0439<\/td>uai<\/strong><\/td>\u0433\u0443\u0430\u0439 \u2192 guai<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u0443\u0430\u043d<\/td>uang<\/strong><\/td>\u0448\u0443\u0430\u043d \u2192 shuang<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u0443\u0430\u043d\u044c<\/td>uan<\/strong><\/td>\u0436\u0443\u0430\u043d\u044c \u2192 ruan<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u0443\u0439<\/td>ui<\/strong><\/td>\u0433\u0443\u0439 \u2192 gui<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u0443\u043d<\/td>ong<\/strong><\/td>\u0434\u0443\u043d \u2192 dong<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u0443\u043d\u044c<\/td>un<\/strong><\/td>\u0441\u0443\u043d\u044c \u2192 sun<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u0443\u044d\u04391<\/sup><\/td>ui<\/strong> (silbis \u0445\u0443\u044d\u0439)<\/td>\u0445\u0443\u044d\u0439 \u2192 hui<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u044b<\/td>i<\/strong>2<\/sup><\/td>\u0441\u044b \u2192 si<\/code>, \u0446\u044b \u2192 ci<\/code>, \u0446\u0437\u044b \u2192 zi<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u044b\u043d1<\/sup><\/td>eng<\/strong><\/td>\u043c\u044b\u043d \u2192 meng<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u044b\u043d\u044c1<\/sup><\/td>en<\/strong><\/td>\u0444\u044b\u043d\u044c \u2192 fen<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u044d<\/td>e<\/strong><\/td>\u0431\u044d \u2192 be<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u044d\u0439<\/td>ei<\/strong><\/td>\u0432\u044d\u0439 \u2192 wei<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u044d\u043d<\/td>eng<\/strong><\/td>\u0445\u044d\u043d \u2192 heng<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u044d\u043d\u044c<\/td>en<\/strong><\/td>\u0441\u044d\u043d\u044c \u2192 sen<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u044d\u0440<\/td>er<\/strong><\/td>\u044d\u0440 \u2192 er<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u044e<\/td>iu<\/strong>, eraldi silbina you<\/strong><\/td>\u043b\u044e \u2192 liu<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u044e\u0430\u043d\u044c<\/td>uan<\/strong>, eraldi silbina yuan<\/strong><\/td>\u0446\u0437\u044e\u0430\u043d\u044c \u2192 juan<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u044e\u0435<\/td>(\u044e\u044d varasem variant)<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u044e\u0439<\/td>\u00fc<\/strong> (\u00fcldjuhul), eraldi silbina yu<\/strong><\/td>\u043b\u044e\u0439 \u2192 l\u00fc<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>u<\/strong> (\u0441, \u0446, \u0446\u0437 j\u00e4rel)<\/td>\u0441\u044e\u0439 \u2192 xu<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u044e\u043d<\/td>iong<\/strong>, eraldi silbina yong<\/strong><\/td>\u0446\u0437\u044e\u043d \u2192 jiong<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u044e\u043d\u044c<\/td>un<\/strong>, eraldi silbina yun<\/strong><\/td>\u0446\u044e\u043d\u044c \u2192 qun<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u044e\u044d<\/td>\u00fce<\/strong> (\u00fcldjuhul), eraldi silbina yue<\/strong><\/td>\u043b\u044e\u044d \u2192 l\u00fce<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>ue<\/strong> (\u0441, \u0446, \u0446\u0437 j\u00e4rel)<\/td>\u0446\u0437\u044e\u044d \u2192 jue<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u044f<\/td>ia<\/strong>, eraldi silbina ya<\/strong><\/td>\u043d\u044f \u2192 nia<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u044f\u043d<\/td>iang<\/strong>, eraldi silbina yang<\/strong><\/td>\u043b\u044f\u043d \u2192 liang<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u044f\u043d\u044c<\/td>ian<\/strong>, eraldi silbina yan<\/strong><\/td>\u043d\u044f\u043d\u044c \u2192 nian<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
\u044f\u043e<\/td>iao<\/strong>, eraldi silbina yao<\/strong><\/td>\u0441\u044f\u043e \u2192 xiao<\/code><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>
Silbil\u00f5pud<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n