{"id":22616,"date":"2024-11-29T17:44:57","date_gmt":"2024-11-29T15:44:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/?p=22616"},"modified":"2025-05-08T13:44:35","modified_gmt":"2025-05-08T10:44:35","slug":"luhendite-ja-tahiste-kaanamine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/luhendite-ja-tahiste-kaanamine\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u00fchendite ja t\u00e4histe k\u00e4\u00e4namine"},"content":{"rendered":"\r\n
\r\n

L\u00fchidalt<\/h4>\r\n<\/div>\n\n\n

L\u00fchendite k\u00e4\u00e4namine on seotud nende lugemisega. Suurt\u00e4htl\u00fchendeid loetakse ja ka k\u00e4\u00e4natakse l\u00fchendina, nt EL-is<\/code> ~ ELis<\/code> [loe: `ee-ellis \u2013 mitte: eur`oopa liidus], KOV-idele<\/code> ~ KOVidele<\/code> [loe: k`ovvidele \u2013 mitte: kohalikele omavalitsustele]. V\u00e4iket\u00e4htl\u00fchendeid loetakse ja k\u00e4\u00e4natakse nende taga oleva s\u00f5nana, nt nr-te<\/code> [loe: n`umbrite \u2013 mitte: `enn-`erride], cm-tes<\/code> [loe: sen’tim`eetrites, mitte: ts`ee-`emmides]. K\u00e4\u00e4ndel\u00f5pp ja mitmuse tunnus lisatakse sidekriipsuga, nt lg-t<\/code>, O\u00dc-sid<\/code>, suurt\u00e4htl\u00fchendi k\u00e4\u00e4namisel v\u00f5ib kriipsu ka \u00e4ra j\u00e4tta, st O\u00dc-sid<\/code> ehk O\u00dcsid<\/code>, AS-idel<\/code> ehk ASidel<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\r\n

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Pikemalt<\/h4>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Suurt\u00e4htl\u00fchendid<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Muutt\u00fc\u00fcp oleneb sellest, kuidas l\u00fchendit loetakse: t\u00e4hthaaval veerides v\u00f5i (kui see on h\u00e4\u00e4likuliselt v\u00f5imalik) omaette s\u00f5nana. Nt l\u00fchend HIV<\/code> k\u00e4\u00e4ndub<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • t\u00e4hthaaval lugedes: HIV<\/code> [h`aa-`ii-v`ee] : osastav HIV-d<\/code> [h`aa-`ii-v`eed] \u2013 t\u00fc\u00fcp 26<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • omaette s\u00f5nana lugedes: HIV<\/code> [h`ivv] : osastav HIV-i<\/code> [h`ivvi] \u2013 t\u00fc\u00fcp 22e<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    V\u00f5\u00f5rkeelseid suurt\u00e4htl\u00fchendeid ja nende t\u00e4hti h\u00e4\u00e4ldatakse \u00fcldiselt eestip\u00e4raselt, nt VIP<\/code> [v`ipp], PhD<\/code> [p`ee-h`aa-d`ee], harvemini vastava keele p\u00e4raselt, nt CIA<\/code> [s`ii-`ai-`ei].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    N\u00e4dalap\u00e4evade eestikeelseid suurt\u00e4htl\u00fchendeid loetakse erandlikult v\u00e4lja s\u00f5nana (nagu v\u00e4iket\u00e4htl\u00fchendeid, vt allpool), mitte t\u00e4hena.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    K\u00e4\u00e4ndel\u00f5pp lisatakse alates\u00a0ainsuse osastavast, t\u00fcvevokaal alates ainsuse omastavast. K\u00e4\u00e4ndel\u00f5pu, t\u00fcvevokaali ja mitmuse tunnuse v\u00f5ib kirjutada l\u00fchendiga kokku v\u00f5i eraldada sidekriipsuga, nt THI-d<\/code> ~ THId<\/code>,\u00a0KOV-idel<\/code> ~ KOVidel<\/code>,\u00a03G-st<\/code> ~ 3Gst<\/code>. Sidekriipsuga kirjutus v\u00f5ib olla selgem kui kriipsuta, nt kui k\u00e4\u00e4ndel\u00f5pp algab\u00a0l<\/em>-t\u00e4hega:\u00a0THI-l<\/code>\u00a0(mitte THIl).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Tabel 1.<\/strong> Aktsiaseltsi<\/em> l\u00fchendi AS<\/em> vormistik<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    k\u00e4\u00e4ne<\/th>ainsus<\/th>mitmus<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
    nimetav<\/strong><\/td>AS [loe: `aa-`ess]<\/td>AS-id ~ ASid<\/td><\/tr>
    omastav<\/strong><\/td>AS-i ~ ASi<\/td>AS-ide ~ ASide<\/td><\/tr>
    osastav<\/strong><\/td>AS-i ~ ASi<\/td>AS-isid ~ ASisid<\/td><\/tr>
    sisse\u00fctlev<\/strong><\/td>AS-isse ~ ASisse ~ AS-i ~ ASi<\/td>AS-idesse ~ ASidesse<\/td><\/tr>
    sees\u00fctlev<\/strong><\/td>AS-is ~ ASis<\/td>AS-ides ~ ASides<\/td><\/tr>
    seest\u00fctlev<\/strong><\/td>AS-ist ~ ASist<\/td>AS-idest ~ ASidest<\/td><\/tr>
    alale\u00fctlev<\/strong><\/td>AS-ile ~ ASile<\/td>AS-idele ~ ASidele<\/td><\/tr>
    alal\u00fctlev<\/strong><\/td>AS-il ~ ASil<\/td>AS-idel ~ ASidel<\/td><\/tr>
    alalt\u00fctlev<\/strong><\/td>AS-ilt ~ ASilt<\/td>AS-idelt ~ ASidelt<\/td><\/tr>
    saav<\/strong><\/td>AS-iks ~ ASiks<\/td>AS-ideks ~ ASideks<\/td><\/tr>
    rajav<\/strong><\/td>AS-ini ~ ASini<\/td>AS-ideni ~ ASideni<\/td><\/tr>
    olev<\/strong><\/td>AS-ina ~ ASina<\/td>AS-idena ~ ASidena<\/td><\/tr>
    ilma\u00fctlev<\/strong><\/td>AS-ita ~ ASita<\/td>AS-ideta ~ ASideta<\/td><\/tr>
    kaasa\u00fctlev<\/strong><\/td>AS-iga ~ ASiga<\/td>AS-idega ~ ASidega<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Osas l\u00fchendites on k\u00f5rvuti nii suuri kui ka v\u00e4ikesi t\u00e4hti, nt eesti l\u00fchendid Tln<\/code>, Tu\u00dc<\/code>, eID<\/code>, v\u00f5\u00f5rl\u00fchendid Mr<\/code>, PhD<\/code>, GmbH<\/code>, WiFi<\/code>. Nende lugemisel ja seet\u00f5ttu ka k\u00e4\u00e4namisel ei ole kindlat tava, v\u00f5rdle nt \u00fclesehituselt sarnaseid v\u00f5\u00f5rl\u00fchendeid Mr<\/code> [loetakse pigem s\u00f5nana: mister] ja MSc<\/code> [loetakse pigem t\u00e4hthaaval: `emm-`ess-ts`ee]. Kui l\u00fchend l\u00f5peb suurt\u00e4hega, on eelistatav lugeda t\u00e4hthaaval, nt eID<\/code> [`ee-`ii-d`ee], Tu\u00dc<\/code> [t`ee-`uu-`\u00fc\u00fc], GmbH<\/code> [g`ee-`emm-b`ee-h`aa], ja k\u00e4\u00e4nata ka sellele vastavalt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Sidekriipsu kasutus oleneb l\u00fchendi viimasest t\u00e4hest: suurt\u00e4hega l\u00f5ppevaid saab k\u00e4\u00e4nata nii kriipsuga kui ka kriipsuta, nt Tu\u00dc-d<\/code> ja Tu\u00dcd<\/code>, v\u00e4iket\u00e4hega l\u00f5ppevaid kriipsuga, nt MSc-d<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    M\u00f5nel suurt\u00e4htl\u00fchendil on olemas v\u00e4iket\u00e4heline (nt EURIBOR<\/code> ja euribor, Wi-Fi <\/code>~ WiFi <\/code>ja wifi<\/code>) v\u00f5i esisuurt\u00e4hega r\u00f6\u00f6pkuju (nt CERN<\/code> ja Cern<\/code>, EXPO<\/code> ja Expo<\/code>), mida saab k\u00e4\u00e4nata s\u00f5nana ehk ilma sidekriipsuta, nt EURIBOR-ist<\/code> ja euriborist<\/code>, CERN-is<\/code> jaCernis<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Punktiga l\u00f5ppeva v\u00f5\u00f5rsuurt\u00e4htl\u00fchendi k\u00e4\u00e4namisel punkt kaob, nt R.S.V.P.<\/code> \u2013 R.S.V.P-d<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    V\u00e4iket\u00e4htl\u00fchendid<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    V\u00e4iket\u00e4htl\u00fchendi lugemisel \u00f6eldakse harilikult v\u00e4lja s\u00f5na, mida l\u00fchend t\u00e4histab, nt 100 tk<\/code> [sada t`\u00fckki], nr 3<\/code> [n`umber k`olm]. Muutt\u00fc\u00fcp on seega sama mis vastaval s\u00f5nal ja l\u00fchendi k\u00e4\u00e4ndel\u00f5pud langevad kokku s\u00f5na omaga, nt nr-te<\/code> [n`umbrite], a-il<\/code> [`aastail] ehk a-tel<\/code> [`aastatel].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    K\u00e4\u00e4ndel\u00f5pp lisatakse alati sidekriipsuga ja harilikult alates ainsuse sisse\u00fctlevast, nt osk-sse<\/code> [osakonnasse], osk-del<\/code> [osak`ondadel], m\u00f5nikord ka alates ainsuse osastavast, nt lg-t<\/code> [l\u00f5iget]. T\u00fcvevokaali ei n\u00e4idata, nt nr-t<\/code> [n`umbrit], p-des<\/code> [p`unktides] (mitte: nr-it, p-ides). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Tabel 2.<\/strong> Aasta<\/em> l\u00fchendi a<\/em> vormistik<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    k\u00e4\u00e4ne<\/th>ainsus<\/th>mitmus<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
    nimetav<\/strong><\/td>a [loe: `aasta]<\/td>a-d<\/td><\/tr>
    omastav<\/strong><\/td>a<\/td>a-te<\/td><\/tr>
    osastav<\/strong><\/td>a-t<\/td>a-id<\/td><\/tr>
    sisse\u00fctlev<\/strong><\/td>a-sse<\/td>a-tesse ~ a-isse<\/td><\/tr>
    sees\u00fctlev<\/strong><\/td>a-s<\/td>a-tes ~ a-is<\/td><\/tr>
    seest\u00fctlev<\/strong><\/td>a-st<\/td>a-test ~ a-ist<\/td><\/tr>
    alale\u00fctlev<\/strong><\/td>a-le<\/td>a-tele ~ a-ile<\/td><\/tr>
    alal\u00fctlev<\/strong><\/td>a-l<\/td>a-tel ~ a-il<\/td><\/tr>
    alalt\u00fctlev<\/strong><\/td>a-lt<\/td>a-telt ~ a-ilt<\/td><\/tr>
    saav<\/strong><\/td>a-ks<\/td>a-teks ~ a-iks<\/td><\/tr>
    rajav<\/strong><\/td>a-ni<\/td>a-teni<\/td><\/tr>
    olev<\/strong><\/td>a-na<\/td>a-tena<\/td><\/tr>
    ilma\u00fctlev<\/strong><\/td>a-ta<\/td>a-teta<\/td><\/tr>
    kaasa\u00fctlev<\/strong><\/td>a-ga<\/td>a-tega<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    R\u00f6\u00f6pvormid<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Mitmuse vormides on eelistatav de<\/em>-mitmus juhul, kui r\u00f6\u00f6pv\u00f5imalusena esinev vokaalmitmus (i<\/em>-mitmus v\u00f5i t\u00fcvemitmus) annab raskesti t\u00f5lgendatavaid vorme (nagu muutt\u00fc\u00fcpides 2e, 9, 22e, 22i, 22u, 26i). N\u00e4iteks on k\u00fcll v\u00f5imalik k\u00e4\u00e4nata a-tes<\/code> [`aastates] ehk a-is<\/code> [`aastais], aga pigem \u00fcksnes m-tes<\/code> [m`eetrites], p-desse<\/code> [p`unktidesse], KOV-idele<\/code> [k`ovvidele] kui m-is<\/code> [m`eetreis], p-sse<\/code> [punktesse] v\u00f5i KOV-ele<\/code> [kovvele].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    L\u00fchend\/t\u00e4his + arv<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    L\u00fchendeid ja t\u00e4hiseid, mis l\u00f5pevad arvuga, k\u00e4\u00e4natakse arvude k\u00e4\u00e4namise<\/a> p\u00f5him\u00f5tete j\u00e4rgi, nt ostis MP3<\/code>, kuuluvad G7-sse ~ G7sse<\/code>, kaasneb COVID-19-ga ~ COVID-19ga<\/code>, CO2<\/sub>-st<\/code> ~ CO2<\/sub>st<\/code>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Tabel 3.<\/strong> L\u00fchendi MP3<\/em> vormistik<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    k\u00e4\u00e4ne<\/th>ainsus<\/th>mitmus<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
    nimetav<\/strong><\/td>MP3 [loe: `emm-p`ee-k`olm]<\/td>MP3-d ~ MP3d<\/td><\/tr>
    omastav<\/strong><\/td>MP3<\/td>MP3-de ~ MP3de<\/td><\/tr>
    osastav<\/strong><\/td>MP3<\/td>MP3-sid ~ MP3sid<\/td><\/tr>
    sisse\u00fctlev<\/strong><\/td>MP3-sse ~ MP3sse<\/td>MP3-desse ~ MP3desse<\/td><\/tr>
    sees\u00fctlev<\/strong><\/td>MP3-s ~ MP3s<\/td>MP3-des ~ MP3des<\/td><\/tr>
    seest\u00fctlev<\/strong><\/td>MP3-st ~ MP3st<\/td>MP3dest ~ MP3dest<\/td><\/tr>
    alale\u00fctlev<\/strong><\/td>MP3-le<\/td>MP3-dele ~ MP3dele<\/td><\/tr>
    alal\u00fctlev<\/strong><\/td>MP3-l<\/td>MP3-del ~ MP3del<\/td><\/tr>
    alalt\u00fctlev<\/strong><\/td>MP3-lt<\/td>MP3-delt ~ MP3delt<\/td><\/tr>
    saav<\/strong><\/td>MP3-ks ~ MP3ks<\/td>MP3-deks ~ MP3deks<\/td><\/tr>
    rajav<\/strong><\/td>MP3-ni ~ MP3ni<\/td>MP3-deni ~ MP3deni<\/td><\/tr>
    olev<\/strong><\/td>MP3-na ~ MP3na<\/td>MP3-dena ~ MP3dena<\/td><\/tr>
    ilma\u00fctlev<\/strong><\/td>MP3-ta ~ MP3ta<\/td>MP3-deta ~ MP3deta<\/td><\/tr>
    kaasa\u00fctlev<\/strong><\/td>MP3-ga ~ MP3ga<\/td>MP3-dega ~ MP3dega<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    S\u00fcmbolid<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    S\u00fcmboleid k\u00e4\u00e4natakse s\u00f5nana, t\u00fcvevokaali n\u00e4itamata, nt %-st<\/code> (mitte %-ist); \u00a7-d<\/code> (mitte \u00a7-id).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    K\u00f5ikuv on kasutus +-iga l\u00f5ppevates l\u00fchendites ja nimedes. V\u00f5ib j\u00e4rgida muude s\u00fcmbolite eeskuju, st k\u00e4\u00e4nata m\u00e4rgi taga oleva s\u00f5nana, nt ETV+-s<\/code> ja ETV+s<\/code>, vrd \u00a7-s 3<\/code> ja \u00a7s 3<\/code>. Lisatakse ainult k\u00e4\u00e4ndel\u00f5pp v\u00f5i mitmuse tunnus, t\u00fcvevokaali ei n\u00e4idata. Selle k\u00f5rval on siiski v\u00f5imalik k\u00e4\u00e4nata ka tavalise suurt\u00e4htl\u00fchendi eeskujul, st n\u00e4idates t\u00fcvevokaali, nt LGBT+-ist<\/code> ja LGBT+ist<\/code> (vrd AS-ist<\/code> ja ASist<\/code>). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Erialal\u00fchendid (t\u00e4hised)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    V\u00e4iket\u00e4helisi erialal\u00fchendeid, nagu matemaatika t\u00e4hised (sin<\/code>, cos<\/code>), m\u00f5\u00f5t\u00fchikute t\u00e4hised (m<\/code>, kg<\/code>, min<\/code>), muusika itaaliakeelsed l\u00fchendid (pp<\/code><\/em>, cresc.<\/code><\/em>) loetakse ja k\u00e4\u00e4natakse s\u00f5nana, mida nad t\u00e4histavad.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Suurt\u00e4heliste v\u00f5i suur- ja v\u00e4iket\u00e4hti sisaldavate erialal\u00fchendite lugemisel ja seet\u00f5ttu ka k\u00e4\u00e4namisel ei ole kindlat tava, pigem saab r\u00e4\u00e4kida \u00fchel v\u00f5i teisel erialal kujunenud pruugist.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    N\u00e4iteks keemias<\/strong> loetakse elementide \u00fchet\u00e4helisi t\u00e4hiseid enamasti t\u00e4hena, nt H<\/code> [haa], N<\/code> [enn], kahet\u00e4helisi aga s\u00f5nana ehk vastava elemendi ladina-, nt Fe<\/code> [ferrum], v\u00f5i eestikeelse nimetusena, nt Cl<\/code> [kloor]. Eestikeelsena lugemist eelistatakse juhul, kui ladina ja eesti nimetus on suhteliselt sarnased, nt As<\/code> [arseen], vrd ladina arsenicum<\/em>, Cl<\/code> [kloor], vrd ladina chlorum<\/em>, v\u00f5i kui ladina nimetus on eesti keeles t\u00fclikas h\u00e4\u00e4ldada, nt Hg<\/code> [elavh\u00f5be], vrd ladina hydrargyrum<\/em>, Bi<\/code> [vismut], vrd ladina bismuthum<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Pigem s\u00f5nana loetakse ka <\/strong>m\u00f5\u00f5t\u00fchikute t\u00e4hiseid, nt A<\/code> [`amper], Hz<\/code> [herts], kWh<\/code> [kilov`att-t`und], meditsiini t\u00e4hiseid, nt Hb<\/code> [hemoglob`iin], Rh<\/code> [r`eesusf`aktor], ilmakaarte t\u00e4hiseid, nt N<\/code> [n`ord], O<\/code> [`ost], piibli raamatute l\u00fchendeid, nt Mt<\/code> [M`atteuse], Lk<\/code> [L`uuka], keeleteaduses murrete ja murrakute l\u00fchendeid, nt eL<\/code> [l`\u00f5unaeesti m`urded], Saa<\/code> [S`aarde murrak]. Kui mitmet\u00e4heline l\u00fchend l\u00f5peb suurt\u00e4hega, loetakse pigem t\u00e4hthaaval, nt pH<\/code> [p`ee-h`aa].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Erialal\u00fchendite puhul tervikuna n\u00e4ib tavap\u00e4rasem olevat lugeda l\u00fchendit s\u00f5nana, mida l\u00fchend t\u00e4histab, mitte t\u00e4hthaaval. Sel juhul langevad l\u00fchendi k\u00e4\u00e4ndel\u00f5pud kokku vastava s\u00f5na omaga. V\u00e4iket\u00e4htl\u00fchendeile lisatakse k\u00e4\u00e4ndel\u00f5pp alati sidekriipsuga, nt kg-st<\/code>. Suurt\u00e4htl\u00fchendile lisatakse k\u00e4\u00e4ndel\u00f5pp sidekriipsuga v\u00f5i ilma, nt H-st<\/code> (selgem) v\u00f5i Hst<\/code>. Kui suur- ja v\u00e4iket\u00e4hti sisaldav l\u00fchend l\u00f5peb v\u00e4iket\u00e4hega, lisatakse k\u00e4\u00e4ndel\u00f5pp alati sidekriipsuga, nt Fe-t<\/code> [ferrumit]. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Tabel 4.<\/strong> Sentimeetri <\/em>t\u00e4hise cm<\/em> vormistik<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    k\u00e4\u00e4ne<\/th>ainsus<\/th>mitmus<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
    nimetav<\/strong><\/td>cm [loe: sen’tim`eeter]<\/td>cm-d<\/td><\/tr>
    omastav<\/strong><\/td>cm<\/td>cm-te<\/td><\/tr>
    osastav<\/strong><\/td>cm-t<\/td>cm-id<\/td><\/tr>
    sisse\u00fctlev<\/strong><\/td>cm-sse<\/td>cm-tesse<\/td><\/tr>
    sees\u00fctlev<\/strong><\/td>cm-s<\/td>cm-tes<\/td><\/tr>
    seest\u00fctlev<\/strong><\/td>cm-st<\/td>cm-test<\/td><\/tr>
    alale\u00fctlev<\/strong><\/td>cm-le<\/td>cm-tele<\/td><\/tr>
    alal\u00fctlev<\/strong><\/td>cm-l<\/td>cm-tel<\/td><\/tr>
    alalt\u00fctlev<\/strong><\/td>cm-lt<\/td>cm-telt<\/td><\/tr>
    saav<\/strong><\/td>cm-ks<\/td>cm-teks<\/td><\/tr>
    rajav<\/strong><\/td>cm-ni<\/td>cm-teni<\/td><\/tr>
    olev<\/strong><\/td>cm-na<\/td>cm-tena<\/td><\/tr>
    ilma\u00fctlev<\/strong><\/td>cm-ta<\/td>cm-teta<\/td><\/tr>
    kaasa\u00fctlev<\/strong><\/td>cm-ga<\/td>cm-tega<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    T\u00e4hestiku t\u00e4hed ja alushelide t\u00e4hised<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    T\u00e4hestiku t\u00e4htede ja alushelisid t\u00e4histavate t\u00e4htede (c, d, e, f, g, a, h) lugemisel \u00f6eldakse v\u00e4lja t\u00e4henimi, nt k<\/code> [k`aa], c<\/code> [ts`ee], s<\/code> [`ess], f<\/code> [`eff]. Muutt\u00fc\u00fcp on sama mis t\u00e4henimel ja k\u00e4\u00e4ndel\u00f5pud langevad kokku t\u00e4henime omadega. K\u00e4\u00e4namisel n\u00e4idatakse t\u00fcvevokaali. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    K\u00e4\u00e4ndel\u00f5pp lisatakse t\u00e4hestiku t\u00e4htede k\u00e4\u00e4namisel sidekriipsuga, nt k-d<\/code> [k`aad], s-iga<\/code> [essiga]. Alusheli t\u00e4histavatele t\u00e4htedele nagu ka alushelide silpnimetustele (do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si) lisatakse k\u00e4\u00e4ndel\u00f5pp \u00fclakomaga, nt f\u2019i<\/code> ehk fa\u2019d<\/code>, g\u2019d<\/code> ehk sol\u2019i<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Tabel 5. <\/strong>T\u00e4hestiku t\u00e4he s<\/em> ning alusheli t\u00e4histe f<\/em> ja fa<\/em> vormistik<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    k\u00e4\u00e4ne<\/th>ainsus<\/th>mitmus<\/th>ainsus<\/th>mitmus<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
    nimetav<\/strong><\/td>s [loe: `ess]<\/td>s-id<\/td>f [loe: `eff], fa<\/td>f\u2019id, fa\u2019d<\/td><\/tr>
    omastav<\/strong><\/td>s-i<\/td>s-ide<\/td>f\u2019i, fa<\/td>f\u2019ide, fa\u2019de<\/td><\/tr>
    osastav<\/strong><\/td>s-i<\/td>s-isid<\/td>f\u2019i, fa\u2019d<\/td>f\u2019isid, fa\u2019sid<\/td><\/tr>
    sisse\u00fctlev<\/strong><\/td>s-isse ~ s-i<\/td>s-idesse<\/td>f\u2019isse ~ f\u2019i, fa\u2019sse<\/td>f\u2019idesse, fa\u2019desse<\/td><\/tr>
    sees\u00fctlev<\/strong><\/td>s-is<\/td>s-ides<\/td>f\u2019is, fa\u2019s<\/td>f\u2019ides, fa\u2019des<\/td><\/tr>
    seest\u00fctlev<\/strong><\/td>s-ist<\/td>s-idest<\/td>f\u2019ist, fa\u2019st<\/td>f\u2019idest, fa\u2019dest<\/td><\/tr>
    alale\u00fctlev<\/strong><\/td>s-ile<\/td>s-idele<\/td>f\u2019ile, fa\u2019le<\/td>f\u2019idele, fa\u2019dele<\/td><\/tr>
    alal\u00fctlev<\/strong><\/td>s-il<\/td>s-idel<\/td>f\u2019il, fa\u2019l<\/td>f\u2019idel, fa\u2019del<\/td><\/tr>
    alalt\u00fctlev<\/strong><\/td>s-ilt<\/td>s-idelt<\/td>f\u2019ilt, fa\u2019lt<\/td>f\u2019idelt, fa\u2019delt<\/td><\/tr>
    saav<\/strong><\/td>s-iks<\/td>s-ideks<\/td>f\u2019iks, fa\u2019ks<\/td>f\u2019ideks, fa\u2019deks<\/td><\/tr>
    rajav<\/strong><\/td>s-ini<\/td>s-ideni<\/td>f\u2019ini, fa\u2019ni<\/td>f\u2019ideni, fa\u2019deni<\/td><\/tr>
    olev<\/strong><\/td>s-ina<\/td>s-idena<\/td>f\u2019ina, fa\u2019na<\/td>f\u2019idena, fa\u2019dena<\/td><\/tr>
    ilma\u00fctlev<\/strong><\/td>s-ita<\/td>s-ideta<\/td>f\u2019ita, fa\u2019ta<\/td>f\u2019ideta, fa\u2019deta<\/td><\/tr>
    kaasa\u00fctlev<\/strong><\/td>s-iga<\/td>s-idega<\/td>f\u2019ga, fa\u2019ga<\/td>f\u2019idega, fa\u2019dega<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Tsitaats\u00f5na l\u00fchendid<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Tsitaats\u00f5na l\u00fchendeid loetakse s\u00f5nana, mida nad t\u00e4histavad, nt ca<\/code><\/em> [tsirka], vrd ladina circa<\/em>; cresc.<\/em><\/code> [kre\u0161\u00b4endo], vrd itaalia crescendo<\/em>. K\u00e4\u00e4ndel\u00f5pud on seega samad mis vastaval tsitaats\u00f5nal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Praktikas tsitaats\u00f5na l\u00fchendeid harilikult ei k\u00e4\u00e4nata. Kui selline vajadus siiski tekib, v\u00f5ib k\u00e4\u00e4ndel\u00f5pu ja mitmuse tunnuse lisada sidekriipsuga, nagu muudel v\u00e4iket\u00e4htl\u00fchenditel, nt ca<\/em>-t<\/code>, v\u00f5i ka \u00fclakomaga nagu tsitaats\u00f5nadel, nt ca<\/em>\u2019t<\/code>. Kui tsitaats\u00f5na l\u00fchendi l\u00f5pus on punkt, tuleks see k\u00e4\u00e4ndel\u00f5pu ees \u00e4ra j\u00e4tta, nt cresc<\/em>-ga<\/code> v\u00f5i cresc<\/em>\u2019ga<\/code>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Koostanud Maire Raadik<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Suur- ja v\u00e4iket\u00e4htl\u00fchendite, s\u00fcmbolite ja t\u00e4histe k\u00e4\u00e4namine.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1290],"tags":[1427,805,655,1429,940,1302,1360],"class_list":["post-22616","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-kaanamine-pooramine","tag-erialaluhend","tag-luhend","tag-sidekriips","tag-sumbol","tag-suurtahtluhend","tag-tahis","tag-vaiketahtluhend"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22616","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/13"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=22616"}],"version-history":[{"count":27,"href":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22616\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":23958,"href":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22616\/revisions\/23958"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=22616"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=22616"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=22616"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}