{"id":26978,"date":"2025-12-19T19:17:37","date_gmt":"2025-12-19T17:17:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/?p=26978"},"modified":"2026-01-06T18:53:25","modified_gmt":"2026-01-06T16:53:25","slug":"hindi-ladina-tahetabel","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/hindi-ladina-tahetabel\/","title":{"rendered":"Hindi-ladina t\u00e4hetabel"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u00dcRO poolt 1972. a heaks kiidetud ja 1977. a parandatud t\u00e4hetabel. Eestis on tavalisem India nimesid edasi anda inglise keele vahendusel, kuid hindi nimede otsetranskriptsiooni puhul sobib kasutada siinset. \u00dcRO esitatud juhiseid on m\u00f5nev\u00f5rra kohendatud.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hindi keel kasutab devanaagari kirja, mis on silpkiri, t\u00e4psemalt t\u00e4htsilpkiri (abugida<\/em>). Selles m\u00e4rgib \u00fcks kirjam\u00e4rk silpi (kaash\u00e4\u00e4lik + t\u00e4ish\u00e4\u00e4lik).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaash\u00e4\u00e4likud<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Kaash\u00e4\u00e4likut\u00e4hed on \u00f5ieti silbim\u00e4rgid, sest kaasnev a<\/em> loetakse alati juurde, v.a s\u00f5na (morfeemi) l\u00f5pus ja vir\u0101ma<\/em>‘ga t\u00e4histatud juhtudel. Vt ligatuuride kohta l\u00e4hemalt allpool.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e4hed<\/th>Vasted<\/th>N\u00e4ited<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
\u0915<\/td>= ka<\/strong>1<\/sup><\/td>\u0915\u0948\u092e\u0942\u0930 = Kaim\u016br<\/td><\/tr>
\u0916<\/td>= kha<\/strong>1<\/sup><\/td>\u0916\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093e = Kha\u0144\u1e0dv\u0101<\/td><\/tr>
\u0917<\/td>= ga<\/strong>1<\/sup><\/td>\u0917\u0902\u0917\u093e\u0928\u0917\u0930 = Ga\u0144g\u0101nagar<\/td><\/tr>
\u0918<\/td>= gha<\/strong><\/td>\u0918\u093e\u0918\u0930\u093e = Gh\u0101ghar\u0101<\/td><\/tr>
\u0919<\/td>= \u1e45a<\/strong><\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u091a<\/td>= cha<\/strong><\/td>\u091a\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094c\u0932\u0940 = Chandaul\u012b<\/td><\/tr>
\u091b<\/td>= chha<\/strong><\/td>\u091b\u092a\u0930\u093e = Chhapr\u0101<\/td><\/tr>
\u091c<\/td>= ja<\/strong>1<\/sup><\/td>\u091c\u092c\u0932\u092a\u0941\u0930 = Jabalpur<\/td><\/tr>
\u091d<\/td>= jha<\/strong>1<\/sup><\/td>\u091d\u093e\u092c\u0941\u0906 = Jh\u0101bu\u0101<\/td><\/tr>
\u091e<\/td>= \u00f1a<\/strong><\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u091f<\/td>= \u1e6da<\/strong><\/td>\u0907\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0917\u0930 = I\u1e6d\u0101nagar<\/td><\/tr>
\u0920<\/td>= \u1e6dha<\/strong><\/td>\u0915\u093e\u0920\u0917\u094b\u0926\u093e\u092e = K\u0101\u1e6dhgod\u0101m<\/td><\/tr>
\u0921<\/td>= \u1e0da<\/strong>1<\/sup><\/td>\u0921\u093e\u0932\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0928\u0917\u0902\u091c = \u1e0c\u0101l\u1e6donga\u0144j<\/td><\/tr>
\u0922<\/td>= \u1e0dha<\/strong>1<\/sup><\/td>\u0935\u0948\u0922\u0928 = Vai\u1e0dhan<\/td><\/tr>
\u0923<\/td>= \u1e47a<\/strong><\/td>\u0905\u0930\u0941\u0923\u093e\u091a\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0947\u0936 = Aru\u1e47\u0101chal Pradesh<\/td><\/tr>
\u0924<\/td>= ta<\/strong><\/td>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u0940 = Uttark\u0101sh\u012b<\/td><\/tr>
\u0925<\/td>= tha<\/strong><\/td>\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 = R\u0101jasth\u0101n<\/td><\/tr>
\u0926<\/td>= da<\/strong><\/td>\u0926\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0926\u0930 = D\u0101modar, \u0926\u0930\u092d\u0902\u0917\u093e = Darbha\u0144g\u0101<\/td><\/tr>
\u0927<\/td>= dha<\/strong><\/td>\u0927\u092e\u0924\u0930\u0940 = Dhamtar\u012b<\/td><\/tr>
\u0928<\/td>= na<\/strong><\/td>\u0928\u093e\u0930\u0928\u094c\u0932 = N\u0101rnaul<\/td><\/tr>
\u092a<\/td>= pa<\/strong><\/td>\u092a\u093e\u0915\u0941\u095c = P\u0101ku\u1e59<\/td><\/tr>
\u092b<\/td>= pha<\/strong>1<\/sup><\/td>\u092b\u0932\u094b\u0926\u0940 = Phalod\u012b<\/td><\/tr>
\u092c<\/td>= ba<\/strong><\/td>\u092c\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0918\u093e\u091f = B\u0101l\u0101gh\u0101\u1e6d<\/td><\/tr>
\u092d<\/td>= bha<\/strong><\/td>\u092c\u093e\u0932\u094b\u0926 = Bh\u0101lod<\/td><\/tr>
\u092e<\/td>= ma<\/strong><\/td>\u092e\u0927\u0947\u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e = Madhepur\u0101<\/td><\/tr>
\u092f<\/td>= ya<\/strong><\/td>\u092f\u092e\u0941\u0928\u093e = Yamun\u0101<\/td><\/tr>
\u0930<\/td>= ra<\/strong><\/td>\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094c\u0930\u0940 = R\u0101jaur\u012b<\/td><\/tr>
\u0932<\/td>= la<\/strong><\/td>\u0932\u0932\u093f\u0924\u092a\u0941\u0930 = Lalitpur<\/td><\/tr>
\u0935<\/td>= va<\/strong><\/td>\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0923\u0938\u0940 = V\u0101r\u0101\u1e47as\u012b<\/td><\/tr>
\u0936<\/td>= sha<\/strong><\/td>\u0936\u093e\u0939\u0921\u094b\u0932 = Sh\u0101h\u1e0dol<\/td><\/tr>
\u0937<\/td>= \u1e63ha<\/strong><\/td>\u092c\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0923\u0941\u092a\u0941\u0930 = Bi\u1e63h\u1e47upur<\/td><\/tr>
\u0938<\/td>= sa<\/strong><\/td>\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930 = S\u0101gar<\/td><\/tr>
\u0939<\/td>= ha<\/strong><\/td>\u0939\u094b\u0936\u0902\u0917\u093e\u092c\u093e\u0926 = Hosha\u0144g\u0101b\u0101d<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
    \n
  • 1<\/sup> Allpunktiga (nuqt\u0101<\/em>‘ga) on need t\u00e4hed \u0915\u093c qa<\/strong>, \u0916\u093c \u1e33ha<\/strong> [xa], \u0917\u093c g\u0323a<\/strong> [\u0263a], \u095b za<\/strong>, \u091d\u093c zha<\/strong>, \u095c \u1e59a<\/strong> [\u027da], \u095d \u1e59ha<\/strong> [\u027d\u02b1a], \u092b\u093c fa<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    T\u00e4ish\u00e4\u00e4likud ja diakriitikud<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    T\u00e4ish\u00e4\u00e4likuid saab m\u00e4rkida kahel viisil: s\u00f5na algul ja t\u00e4ish\u00e4\u00e4liku j\u00e4rel iseseisva t\u00e4hega ning kaash\u00e4\u00e4liku j\u00e4rel kaasneva m\u00e4rgiga. Kui kaash\u00e4\u00e4likut\u00e4hel mingeid kaasnevaid m\u00e4rke ega vir\u0101ma<\/em>‘t ei ole, loetakse vaikimisi t\u00e4ish\u00e4\u00e4likuks a<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Iseseisvad<\/th>Kaasnevad1<\/sup><\/th>Vasted<\/th>N\u00e4ited<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
    \u0905<\/td>\u0915<\/td>= a<\/strong><\/td>\u0905\u0915\u092c\u0930\u092a\u0941\u0930 = Akbarpur<\/td><\/tr>
    \u0906<\/td>\u0915\u093e 2<\/sup><\/td>= \u0101<\/strong><\/td>\u0906\u0917\u0930\u093e = \u0100gr\u0101<\/td><\/tr>
    \u0907<\/td>\u0915\u093f<\/td>= i<\/strong><\/td>\u0907\u091f\u093e\u0930\u0936\u093f = I\u1e6d\u0101rshi, \u0939\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0930 = His\u0101r<\/td><\/tr>
    \u0908<\/td>\u0915\u0940<\/td>= \u012b<\/strong><\/td>\u0928\u0940\u092e\u091a = N\u012bmach<\/td><\/tr>
    \u0909<\/td>\u0915\u0941 3<\/sup><\/td>= u<\/strong><\/td>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0947\u0936 = Uttar Pradesh, \u0915\u093e\u0928\u092a\u0941\u0930 = K\u0101npur<\/td><\/tr>
    \u090a<\/td>\u0915\u0942 3<\/sup><\/td>= \u016b<\/strong><\/td>\u0932\u093e\u0924\u0942\u0930 = L\u0101t\u016br<\/td><\/tr>
    \u090b<\/td>\u0915\u0943 3<\/sup><\/td>= \u1e5b<\/strong><\/td>\u0915\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0923 = K\u1e5b\u1e63h\u1e47a<\/td><\/tr>
    \u0960\u0943<\/td><\/td>= \u1e5b\u0304<\/strong><\/td>(pole kasutusel)<\/td><\/tr>
    \u090c<\/td><\/td>= l\u0324<\/strong><\/td>(pole kasutusel)<\/td><\/tr>
    \u090f<\/td>\u0915\u0947<\/td>= e<\/strong><\/td>\u0932\u0947\u0939 = Leh<\/td><\/tr>
    \u0910<\/td>\u0915\u0948<\/td>= ai<\/strong><\/td>\u0909\u091c\u094d\u091c\u0948\u0928 = Ujjain<\/td><\/tr>
    \u0913<\/td>\u0915\u094b<\/td>= o<\/strong><\/td>\u092e\u0939\u094b\u092c\u093e = Mahob\u0101<\/td><\/tr>
    \u0914<\/td>\u0915\u094c<\/td>= au<\/strong><\/td>\u0928\u093e\u0917\u094c\u0930 = N\u0101gaur<\/td><\/tr>
    <\/td>\u0915\u0902<\/td>= \u1e41<\/strong>, \u0144<\/strong>4<\/sup><\/td>\u091a\u0902\u092c\u093e = Cham\u0307b\u0101, \u0905\u0928\u0902\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0917 = Ana\u0144tn\u0101g<\/td><\/tr>
    <\/td>\u0915\u0901<\/td>= m\u0310<\/strong><\/td>\u092c\u093e\u0901\u0915\u093e = B\u0101m\u0310k\u0101<\/td><\/tr>
    <\/td>\u0915\u0903<\/td>= \u1e25<\/strong><\/td>(nimedes ei esine)<\/td><\/tr>
    <\/td>\u0915\u094d<\/td>(vir\u0101ma<\/em>)5<\/sup><\/td><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
      \n
    • 1<\/sup> Kaasneva m\u00e4rgi kuju ja asendi paremaks n\u00e4itamiseks on lisatud silbialguse kaash\u00e4\u00e4lik k<\/strong> (\u0915).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • 2<\/sup> Lisam\u00e4rgiga: \u0915\u0949 k\u0101\u0306<\/strong> [k\u0252] ~ [k\u0254].<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • 3<\/sup> Ebareeglip\u00e4rase kujuga on \u0930\u0941 ru<\/strong>, \u0930\u0942 r\u016b<\/strong>, \u0939\u0943 h\u1e5b<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • 4<\/sup> ch, d, \u1e0d, g, j, k, n, \u1e47, s, \u1e63, t, \u1e6d<\/em> ja y<\/em> ees.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • 5<\/sup> Vir\u0101ma<\/em> m\u00e4rgib t\u00e4ish\u00e4\u00e4likuta h\u00e4\u00e4ldust, seda kasutatakse eriti kaash\u00e4\u00e4liku\u00fchendite moodustamisel.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

      Ligatuurid<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

      Devanaagari ligatuurid ehk liitt\u00e4hed on kaash\u00e4\u00e4liku\u00fchendeid m\u00e4rkivad kokkusulatatud m\u00e4rgid. Nende arv ei ole l\u00f5plik, see s\u00f5ltub kasutusel olevast fondist ja piirkonna tavadest. Ligatuure kodeeritakse vir\u0101ma<\/em> abil, nt \u00fchend kt<\/strong> saab kolm koodi: k<\/strong> + vir\u0101ma<\/em> + t<\/strong> (\u0915 + \u094d + \u0924 = \u0915\u094d\u0924). Kui kasutusel olevas fondis soovitud ligatuuri ei ole, j\u00e4\u00e4b vir\u0101ma<\/em> s\u00fcmbolina n\u00e4htavaks ja kaks t\u00e4hte ilmuvad k\u00f5rvuti (\u0926\u094d\u0924 dt<\/strong>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Peamised ligatuurid:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n
      • r<\/em>-iga algavad (t\u00e4he kohale tuleb konks): \u0930\u094d\u0924 rta, \u0930\u094d\u0926 rda, \u0930\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0935 rdva jne;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • r<\/em>-iga l\u00f5ppevad (t\u00e4he alla tuleb p\u00f5ikkriips): \u0915\u094d\u0930 kra, \u0916\u094d\u0930 khra, \u0917\u094d\u0930 gra, \u091a\u094d\u0930 chra, \u091c\u094d\u0930 jra, \u0924\u094d\u0930 tra, \u0925\u094d\u0930 thra, \u0926\u094d\u0930 dra, \u0927\u094d\u0930 dhra, erandlikud on \u091f\u094d\u0930 \u1e6dra, \u0920\u094d\u0930 \u1e6dhra, \u0921\u094d\u0930 \u1e0dra, \u0922\u094d\u0930 \u1e0dhra, \u0921\u093c\u094d\u0930 \u1e59ra, \u091b\u094d\u0930 chra;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • reeglip\u00e4rased (t\u00e4hed liituvad k\u00f5rvuti, s\u00e4ilitades kummagi m\u00e4rgi iseloomulikuma osa; kui t\u00e4hes on vertikaaljoon, siis see j\u00e4etakse \u00e4ra): \u0917\u094d\u0926 gda, \u0915\u094d\u0915 kka, \u0915\u094d\u0932 kla, \u0932\u094d\u0932 lla, \u092b\u094d\u092f phya, \u0938\u094d\u092a spa;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • reeglip\u00e4rased (t\u00e4hed liituvad kohakuti): \u091f\u094d\u091f \u1e6d\u1e6da, \u091f\u094d\u0920 \u1e6d\u1e6dha;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • ebareeglip\u00e4rased: \u0926\u094d\u0926 dda, \u0926\u094d\u0927 ddha, \u0926\u094d\u0935 dva, \u091c\u094d\u091e j\u00f1a, \u0915\u094d\u0937 k\u1e63ha, \u0928\u094d\u0928 nna, \u0924\u094d\u0924 tta.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

        L\u00f5pu- ja sisekadu<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

        Kaasnev h\u00e4\u00e4lik a<\/em> (nimetatud ka \u0161vaaks) kaob tavaliselt s\u00f5na l\u00f5pus, nt \u0927\u093e\u0930 = Dh\u0101r (mitte Dh\u0101ra), ent vrd \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094d\u092e\u092a\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0930 = Brahmaputra. Lisaks kaob ta sageli ka nime seest, tekitades seejuures eksimulje, nagu oleks tegemist kaash\u00e4\u00e4liku\u00fchendiga. Nt \u0927\u0928\u092c\u093e\u0926 = Dhanb\u0101d (t\u00e4ht-t\u00e4helt lugedes *Dhanab\u0101da), \u0917\u094b\u0930\u0916\u092a\u0941\u0930 = Gorakhpur (*Gorakhapura), \u0907\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u092e\u092a\u0941\u0930 = Isl\u0101mpur (*Isl\u0101mapura). Sisekadu toimub tavaliselt s\u00f5naosade piiridel, kuid ei ole t\u00e4psemalt piiritletav. Seda on \u00fcritatud defineerida kui \u0161vaa kao reeglit (schwa syncope rule<\/em> ~ schwa deletion rule<\/em>): \u0259 \u2192 \u2205 \/VC_CV<\/em>. Teiste s\u00f5nadega, kui kaash\u00e4\u00e4liku ja \u0161vaa \u00fchendile (mille ees on muu t\u00e4ish\u00e4\u00e4lik) j\u00e4rgneb kaash\u00e4\u00e4liku ja t\u00e4ish\u00e4\u00e4liku \u00fchend, kaob \u0161vaa esimese kaash\u00e4\u00e4liku juurest. See siiski kehtib vaid osaliselt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Marathi keel<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

        India Maharashtra osariigis k\u00f5neldav marathi keel kasutab samuti devanaagari kirja. Peamised erinevused hindi keeles kasutatavast kirjast on j\u00e4rgmised.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \n
        • T\u00e4hestikus on kaks lisat\u00e4hte:\n
            \n
          • \u0933 \u1e37a<\/strong>, nt \u0927\u0941\u0933\u0947 Dhu\u1e37e<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • \u090d, \u0915\u0945 \u0103<\/strong> [\u00e6], k\u0103<\/strong> [k\u00e6]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • M\u00f5ned t\u00e4hekujud on veidi erinevad hindi ja marathi keeles (kuid neil on sama kood, seega s\u00f5ltub nende kuju peamiselt kasutatavast fondist): \u0916 kha<\/strong>, \u0932 la<\/strong>, ligatuurid \u0915\u094d\u0924 kta<\/strong> (marathis ebareeglip\u00e4rane ligatuur, hindis reeglip\u00e4rane k<\/em>+t<\/em> k\u00f5rvutine liitum), \u0915\u094d\u0915 kka<\/strong> (marathis reeglip\u00e4rane kohastikune, hindis reeglip\u00e4rane k\u00f5rvutine ligatuur).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

            Nepali keel<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

            Nepalis k\u00f5neldav nepali keel kasutab devanaagari kirja, milles on kolm erinevust v\u00f5rreldes hindi devanaagariga:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \n
            • Kirjaviisis ei ole tavaks eristada \u1e59<\/strong>-i ja \u1e59h<\/strong>-d, neid kirjutatakse punktita, nagu \u1e0da<\/em> (\u0921) ja \u1e0dha<\/em> (\u0922).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • Ligatuuride l\u00f5pus v\u00f5ib olla ka \u0939 h<\/strong>, nt \u0932\u094d\u0939 lha<\/strong>, \u092e\u094d\u0939 mha<\/strong>, \u0928\u094d\u0939 nha<\/strong>, \u0931\u094d\u0939 –rha<\/strong>, \u0935\u094d\u0939 vha<\/strong>, nt \u0935\u094d\u0939\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e = Vhiktoriy\u0101.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • T\u00e4ht \u0930 r<\/strong> moodustab sellealgulisi ligatuure: \u0931\u094d\u0939 rha<\/strong>, \u0931\u094d\u092f rya<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

              <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

              \u00dcRO 1972. a heaks kiidetud t\u00e4hetabel. Marathi ja nepali keele \u00fcmberkirjutuse erisused.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[893],"tags":[864,1682,1681,895],"class_list":["post-26978","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-tahetabelid","tag-hindi-keel","tag-marathi-keel","tag-nepali-keel","tag-tahetabel"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26978","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=26978"}],"version-history":[{"count":18,"href":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26978\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":27208,"href":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26978\/revisions\/27208"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=26978"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=26978"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=26978"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}