{"id":27079,"date":"2025-12-27T18:02:12","date_gmt":"2025-12-27T16:02:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/?p=27079"},"modified":"2025-12-27T19:00:22","modified_gmt":"2025-12-27T17:00:22","slug":"jaapani-ladina-tahetabel","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/jaapani-ladina-tahetabel\/","title":{"rendered":"Jaapani-ladina t\u00e4hetabel"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hepburni parandatud s\u00fcsteem (<em>Hebon-shiki<\/em>, 1908), Eestis kasutamiseks soovitanud Emakeele Seltsi keeletoimkond (1996).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jaapani keelt kirjutatakse logograafilises kirjas (\u6f22\u5b57 <em>kanji<\/em>) ja kahes silpkirjas: hiragana (\u3072\u3089\u304c\u306a) ja katakana (\u30ab\u30bf\u30ab\u30ca), m\u00f5lemat silpkirja koos t\u00e4histab s\u00f5na <em>kana<\/em>. P\u00f5hitekst (s\u00f5nat\u00fcved) on <em>kanji<\/em>\u2019s, katakanas kirjutatakse v\u00f5\u00f5rs\u00f5nad ja -nimed, hiraganas aga grammatilised l\u00f5pud ja partiklid ning vajaduse korral <em>kanji<\/em>\u2019s antud s\u00f5nade h\u00e4\u00e4ldus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Algselt Hiinast \u00fclev\u00f5etud <em>kanji<\/em> m\u00e4rke on tuhandeid, \u00fcldarv rohkem kui 50 000 (neist suur osa \u00fcksnes ajaloolises tarvituses), ent keskkooli l\u00f5puks eeldatakse pisut \u00fcle 2000 m\u00e4rgi tundmist. \u00dcht <em>kanji<\/em> m\u00e4rki v\u00f5ib lugeda mitut moodi, laias laastus jagunevad need h\u00e4\u00e4ldused kahte r\u00fchma:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>on&#8217;yomi<\/em> (\u97f3\u8aad\u307f) ehk h\u00e4\u00e4ldusp\u00f5hine lugemine \u2013 m\u00e4rki loetakse jaapani h\u00e4\u00e4likute abil nii, nagu ajalooliselt hiina kirjam\u00e4rke h\u00e4\u00e4ldati, nt \u5c71; <em>san<\/em> (vrd hiina h\u00e4\u00e4ldus <em>sh\u0101n<\/em>);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>kun&#8217;yomi<\/em> (\u8a13\u8aad\u307f) ehk t\u00e4hendusp\u00f5hine lugemine \u2013 m\u00e4rki loetakse nii, nagu ta on t\u00f5lgitud hiina kirjam\u00e4rgi t\u00e4hendusest, nt \u5c71; <em>yama<\/em> (hiina <em>sh\u0101n<\/em>\u2019i t\u00f5lge jaapani keelde).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">J\u00e4rgmistes tabelites on 11 tulpa silpe, millest 1\u20135 n\u00e4itavad p\u00f5hisilpe, 6\u201311 aga kombineeritud m\u00e4rkidega silpe; parema \u00fclevaate huvides on viimane eraldi tabelis. Igas reas on k\u00f5igepealt antud katakana m\u00e4rgid, seej\u00e4rel hiragana m\u00e4rgid ja kolmandaks vaste ladina kirjas Hepburni s\u00fcsteemi kohaselt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th>&#8211;<\/th><th>1<\/th><th>2<\/th><th>3<\/th><th>4<\/th><th>5<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>1<\/strong> (-)<\/td><td>\u30a2<\/td><td>\u30a4<\/td><td>\u30a6<\/td><td>\u30a8<\/td><td>\u30aa<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>\u3042<\/td><td>\u3044<\/td><td>\u3046<\/td><td>\u3048<\/td><td>\u304a<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>a<\/td><td>i<\/td><td>u<\/td><td>e<\/td><td>o<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>2<\/strong> (k)<\/td><td>\u30ab<\/td><td>\u30ad<\/td><td>\u30af<\/td><td>\u30b1<\/td><td>\u30b3<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>\u304b<\/td><td>\u304d<\/td><td>\u304f<\/td><td>\u3051<\/td><td>\u3053<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>ka<\/td><td>ki<\/td><td>ku<\/td><td>ke<sup>3<\/sup><\/td><td>ko<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>3<\/strong> (s)<\/td><td>\u30b5<\/td><td>\u30b7<\/td><td>\u30b9<\/td><td>\u30bb<\/td><td>\u30bd<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>\u3055<\/td><td>\u3057<\/td><td>\u3059<\/td><td>\u305b<\/td><td>\u305d<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>sa<\/td><td>shi<\/td><td>su<\/td><td>se<\/td><td>so<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>4<\/strong> (t)<\/td><td>\u30bf<\/td><td>\u30c1<\/td><td>\u30c4<\/td><td>\u30c6<\/td><td>\u30c8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>\u305f<\/td><td>\u3061<\/td><td>\u3064<\/td><td>\u3066<\/td><td>\u3068<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>ta<\/td><td>chi<\/td><td>tsu<sup>1<\/sup><\/td><td>te<\/td><td>to<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>5<\/strong> (n)<\/td><td>\u30ca<\/td><td>\u30cb<\/td><td>\u30cc<\/td><td>\u30cd<\/td><td>\u30ce<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>\u306a<\/td><td>\u306b<\/td><td>\u306c<\/td><td>\u306d<\/td><td>\u306e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>na<\/td><td>ni<\/td><td>nu<\/td><td>ne<\/td><td>no<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>6<\/strong> (h)<\/td><td>\u30cf<\/td><td>\u30d2<\/td><td>\u30d5<\/td><td>\u30d8<\/td><td>\u30db<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>\u306f<\/td><td>\u3072<\/td><td>\u3075<\/td><td>\u3078<\/td><td>\u307b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>ha<sup>3<\/sup><\/td><td>hi<\/td><td>fu<\/td><td>he<sup>3<\/sup><\/td><td>ho<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>7<\/strong> (m)<\/td><td>\u30de<\/td><td>\u30df<\/td><td>\u30e0<\/td><td>\u30e1<\/td><td>\u30e2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>\u307e<\/td><td>\u307f<\/td><td>\u3080<\/td><td>\u3081<\/td><td>\u3082<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>ma<\/td><td>mi<\/td><td>mu<\/td><td>me<\/td><td>mo<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>8<\/strong> (y)<\/td><td>\u30e4<\/td><td><\/td><td>\u30e6<\/td><td><\/td><td>\u30e8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>\u3084<\/td><td><\/td><td>\u3086<\/td><td><\/td><td>\u3088<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>ya<\/td><td><\/td><td>yu<\/td><td><\/td><td>yo<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>9<\/strong> (r)<\/td><td>\u30e9<\/td><td>\u30ea<\/td><td>\u30eb<\/td><td>\u30ec<\/td><td>\u30ed<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>\u3089<\/td><td>\u308a<\/td><td>\u308b<\/td><td>\u308c<\/td><td>\u308d<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>ra<\/td><td>ri<\/td><td>ru<\/td><td>re<\/td><td>ro<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>10<\/strong> (w)<\/td><td>\u30ef<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>\u30f2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>\u308f<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>\u3092<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>wa<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>o<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>11<\/strong><\/td><td>\u30f3<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>\u3093<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>n<sup>2<\/sup><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>12<\/strong> (g)<\/td><td>\u30ac<\/td><td>\u30ae<\/td><td>\u30b0<\/td><td>\u30b2<\/td><td>\u30b4<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>\u304c<\/td><td>\u304e<\/td><td>\u3050<\/td><td>\u3052<\/td><td>\u3054<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>ga<\/td><td>gi<\/td><td>gu<\/td><td>ge<\/td><td>go<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>13 <\/strong>(z)<\/td><td>\u30b6<\/td><td>\u30b8<\/td><td>\u30ba<\/td><td>\u30bc<\/td><td>\u30be<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>\u3056<\/td><td>\u3058<\/td><td>\u305a<\/td><td>\u305c<\/td><td>\u305e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>za<\/td><td>ji<\/td><td>zu<\/td><td>ze<\/td><td>zo<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>14<\/strong> (d)<\/td><td>\u30c0<\/td><td>\u30c2<\/td><td>\u30c5<\/td><td>\u30c7<\/td><td>\u30c9<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>\u3060<\/td><td>\u3062<\/td><td>\u3065<\/td><td>\u3067<\/td><td>\u3069<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>da<\/td><td>ji<\/td><td>zu<\/td><td>de<\/td><td>do<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>15<\/strong> (b)<\/td><td>\u30d0<\/td><td>\u30d3<\/td><td>\u30d6<\/td><td>\u30d9<\/td><td>\u30dc<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>\u3070<\/td><td>\u3073<\/td><td>\u3076<\/td><td>\u3079<\/td><td>\u307c<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>ba<\/td><td>bi<\/td><td>bu<\/td><td>be<\/td><td>bo<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>16<\/strong> (p)<\/td><td>\u30d1<\/td><td>\u30d4<\/td><td>\u30d7<\/td><td>\u30da<\/td><td>\u30dd<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>\u3071<\/td><td>\u3074<\/td><td>\u3077<\/td><td>\u307a<\/td><td>\u307d<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>pa<\/td><td>pi<\/td><td>pu<\/td><td>pe<\/td><td>po<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><sup>1<\/sup> V\u00e4ikem\u00e4rk <strong>tsu<\/strong> topeldab tema j\u00e4rel olevat kaash\u00e4\u00e4likut (<em>kk, ss, ssh, tt, tts, tch, pp<\/em>). See v\u00f5ib eristada t\u00e4hendusi, vrd \u30b5\u30ab <em>saka<\/em> &#8216;m\u00e4gi&#8217; ja \u30b5\u30c3\u30ab <em>sakka<\/em> &#8216;autor&#8217;.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><sup>2<\/sup> Silbil\u00f5pu <em>n<\/em>. Latiniseeritakse <strong>n&#8217;<\/strong>, kui j\u00e4rgneb <em>y<\/em> v\u00f5i t\u00e4ish\u00e4\u00e4lik. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><sup>3<\/sup> M\u00f5ne silbim\u00e4rgi latinisatsioon v\u00f5ib teatud juhtudel olla teine (sulgudes tabeli rida \/ tulp): <em>ke<\/em> (2\/4) asemel <strong>ga<\/strong>; <em>ha<\/em> (6\/1) asemel <strong>wa<\/strong>; <em>he<\/em> (6\/4) asemel <strong>e<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Kombineeritud m\u00e4rkidega silbid<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kombineeritud m\u00e4rkidega silbis kirjutatakse esimene m\u00e4rk normaalsuuruses, j\u00e4rgmised m\u00e4rgid aga v\u00e4ikem\u00e4rkidena, st v\u00e4iksemalt. Allpool olevad kombinatsioonid sisaldavad <em>y<\/em>-ga silpe ja pikka <em>o<\/em>-d (\u014d). \u00dcldine mall <em>y<\/em>-ga silpide kirjapanekuks on <code>Ci+ya<\/code>, <code>Ci+yu<\/code>, <code>Ci+yo<\/code> (<em>i<\/em>-ga l\u00f5ppevad silbim\u00e4rgid \/C m\u00e4rgib suvalist kaash\u00e4\u00e4likut\/, plussi j\u00e4rel vastavad v\u00e4ikem\u00e4rgid). Pika <em>u<\/em> v\u00f5i <em>o<\/em> m\u00e4rkimiseks lisatakse v\u00e4ikem\u00e4rk <code>u<\/code>. Seega nt <code>ki+ya<\/code> = <strong>kya<\/strong>, <code>ki+yu<\/code> = <strong>kyu<\/strong>, <code>ki+yu+u<\/code> = <strong>ky\u016b<\/strong>, <code>ko+u<\/code> = <strong>k\u014d<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Reanumbrid on samad, mis eelmises tabelis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th>&#8211;<\/th><th>6<\/th><th>7<\/th><th>8<\/th><th>9<\/th><th>10<\/th><th>11<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>1<\/strong> (-)<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>\u30aa\u30a5<sup>4<\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>\u304a\u3045<sup>4<\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>\u014d<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>2<\/strong> (k)<\/td><td>\u30ad\u30e3<\/td><td>\u30ad\u30e5<\/td><td>\u30ad\u30e5\u30a5<\/td><td>\u30ad\u30e7<\/td><td>\u30ad\u30e7\u30a5<\/td><td>\u30b3\u30a5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>\u304d\u3083<\/td><td>\u304d\u3085<\/td><td>\u304d\u3085\u3045<\/td><td>\u304d\u3087<\/td><td>\u304d\u3087\u3045<\/td><td>\u3053\u3045<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>kya<\/td><td>kyu<\/td><td>ky\u016b<\/td><td>kyo<\/td><td>ky\u014d<\/td><td>k\u014d<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>3<\/strong> (s)<\/td><td>\u30b7\u30e3 <\/td><td>\u30b7\u30e5<\/td><td>\u30b7\u30e5\u30a5<\/td><td>\u30b7\u30e7<\/td><td>\u30b7\u30e7\u30a5<\/td><td>\u30bd\u30a5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>\u3057\u3083<\/td><td>\u3057\u3085<\/td><td>\u3057\u3085\u3045<\/td><td>\u3057\u3087<\/td><td>\u3057\u3087\u3045<\/td><td>\u305d\u3045<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>sha<\/td><td>shu<\/td><td>sh\u016b<\/td><td>sho<\/td><td>sh\u014d<\/td><td>s\u014d<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>4<\/strong> (t)<\/td><td>\u30c1\u30e3<\/td><td>\u30c1\u30e5<\/td><td>\u30c1\u30e5\u30a5<\/td><td>\u30c1\u30e7<\/td><td>\u30c1\u30e7\u30a5<\/td><td>\u30c8\u30a5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>\u3061\u3083<\/td><td>\u3061\u3085<\/td><td>\u3061\u3085\u3045<\/td><td>\u3061\u3087<\/td><td>\u3061\u3087\u3045<\/td><td>\u3068\u3045<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>cha<\/td><td>chu<\/td><td>ch\u016b<\/td><td>cho<\/td><td>ch\u014d<\/td><td>t\u014d<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>5<\/strong> (n)<\/td><td>\u30cb\u30e3<\/td><td>\u30cb\u30e5<\/td><td>\u30cb\u30e5\u30a5<\/td><td>\u30cb\u30e7<\/td><td>\u30cb\u30e7\u30a5<\/td><td>\u30ce\u30a5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>\u306b\u3083<\/td><td>\u306b\u3085<\/td><td>\u306b\u3085\u3045<\/td><td>\u306b\u3087<\/td><td>\u306b\u3087\u3045<\/td><td>\u306e\u3045<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>nya<\/td><td>nyu<\/td><td>ny\u016b<\/td><td>nyo<\/td><td>ny\u014d<\/td><td>n\u014d<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>6<\/strong> (h)<\/td><td>\u30d2\u30e3<\/td><td>\u30d2\u30e5<\/td><td>\u30d2\u30e5\u30a5<\/td><td>\u30d2\u30e7<\/td><td>\u30d2\u30e7\u30a5<\/td><td>\u30db\u30a5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>\u3072\u3083<\/td><td>\u3072\u3085<\/td><td>\u3072\u3085\u3045<\/td><td>\u3072\u3087<\/td><td>\u3072\u3087\u3045<\/td><td>\u307b\u3045<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>hya<\/td><td>hyu<\/td><td>hy\u016b<\/td><td>hyo<\/td><td>hy\u014d<\/td><td>h\u014d<sup>5<\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>7<\/strong> (m)<\/td><td>\u30df\u30e3<\/td><td>\u30df\u30e5<\/td><td>\u30df\u30e5\u30a5<\/td><td>\u30df\u30e7<\/td><td>\u30df\u30e7\u30a5<\/td><td>\u30e2\u30a5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>\u307f\u3083<\/td><td>\u307f\u3085<\/td><td>\u307f\u3085\u3045<\/td><td>\u307f\u3087<\/td><td>\u307f\u3087\u3045<\/td><td>\u3082\u3045<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>mya<\/td><td>myu<\/td><td>my\u016b<\/td><td>myo<\/td><td>my\u014d<\/td><td>m\u014d<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>8<\/strong> (y)<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>\u30e8\u30a5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>\u3088\u3045<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>y\u014d<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>9<\/strong> (r)<\/td><td>\u30ea\u30e3<\/td><td>\u30ea\u30e5<\/td><td>\u30ea\u30e5\u30a5<\/td><td>\u30ea\u30e7<\/td><td>\u30ea\u30e7\u30a5<\/td><td>\u30ed\u30a5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>\u308a\u3083<\/td><td>\u308a\u3085<\/td><td>\u308a\u3085\u3045<\/td><td>\u308a\u3087<\/td><td>\u308a\u3087\u3045<\/td><td>\u308d\u3045<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>rya<\/td><td>ryu<\/td><td>ry\u016b<\/td><td>ryo<\/td><td>ry\u014d<\/td><td>r\u014d<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>10<\/strong> (w)<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>11<\/strong><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>12<\/strong> (g)<\/td><td>\u30ae\u30e3<\/td><td>\u30ae\u30e5<\/td><td>\u30ae\u30e5\u30a5<\/td><td>\u30ae\u30e7<\/td><td>\u30ae\u30e7\u30a5<\/td><td>\u30b4\u30a5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>\u304e\u3083<\/td><td>\u304e\u3085<\/td><td>\u304e\u3085\u3045<\/td><td>\u304e\u3087<\/td><td>\u304e\u3087\u3045<\/td><td>\u3054\u3045<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>gya<\/td><td>gyu<\/td><td>gy\u016b<\/td><td>gyo<\/td><td>gy\u014d<\/td><td>g\u014d<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>13<\/strong> (z)<\/td><td>\u30b8\u30e3<\/td><td>\u30b8\u30e5<\/td><td>\u30b8\u30e5\u30a5<\/td><td>\u30b8\u30e7<\/td><td>\u30b8\u30e7\u30a5<\/td><td>\u30be\u30a5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>\u3058\u3083<\/td><td>\u3058\u3085<\/td><td>\u3058\u3085\u3045<\/td><td>\u3058\u3087<\/td><td>\u3058\u3087\u3045<\/td><td>\u305e\u3045<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>ja<\/td><td>ju<\/td><td>j\u016b<\/td><td>jo<\/td><td>j\u014d<\/td><td>z\u014d<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>14<\/strong> (d)<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>\u30c9\u30a5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>\u3069\u3045<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td>d\u014d<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>15<\/strong> (b)<\/td><td>\u30d3\u30e3<\/td><td>\u30d3\u30e5<\/td><td>\u30d3\u30e5\u30a5<\/td><td>\u30d3\u30e7<\/td><td>\u30d3\u30e7\u30a5<\/td><td>\u30dc\u30a5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>\u3073\u3083<\/td><td>\u3073\u3085<\/td><td>\u3073\u3085\u3045<\/td><td>\u3073\u3087<\/td><td>\u3073\u3087\u3045<\/td><td>\u307c\u3045<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>bya<\/td><td>byu<\/td><td>by\u016b<\/td><td>byo<\/td><td>by\u014d<\/td><td>b\u014d<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>16<\/strong> (p)<\/td><td>\u30d4\u30e3<\/td><td>\u30d4\u30e5<\/td><td>\u30d4\u30e5\u30a5<\/td><td>\u30d4\u30e7<\/td><td>\u30d4\u30e7\u30a5<\/td><td>\u30dd\u30a5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>\u3074\u3083<\/td><td>\u3074\u3085<\/td><td>\u3074\u3085\u3045<\/td><td>\u3074\u3087<\/td><td>\u3074\u3087\u3045<\/td><td>\u307d\u3045<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>pya<\/td><td>pyu<\/td><td>py\u016b<\/td><td>pyo<\/td><td>py\u014d<\/td><td>p\u014d<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><sup>4<\/sup> T\u00e4henduses &#8216;suur&#8217; kirjutatakse see silp \u30aa\u30aa (katakanas) v\u00f5i \u304a\u304a (hiraganas).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><sup>5<\/sup> M\u00f5ne silbim\u00e4rgi latinisatsioon v\u00f5ib teatud juhtudel olla teine (sulgudes tabeli rida \/ tulp): <em>h\u014d<\/em> (6\/11) asemel <strong>\u014d<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>T\u00e4psustavaid m\u00e4rkusi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Pikka t\u00e4ish\u00e4\u00e4likut m\u00e4rgitakse \u00fcldjuhul teise t\u00e4ish\u00e4\u00e4likut\u00e4he lisamisega silbile, nt hiragana \u304a\u304b\u3042\u3055\u3093 <em>ok\u0101san<\/em> (o-ka-a-sa-n) &#8216;ema&#8217;. \u00b4Pika <em>o<\/em> puhul lisatakse teiseks t\u00e4ish\u00e4\u00e4likum\u00e4rgiks <em>u<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>M\u00e4rki \u30fc kasutatakse enamasti mittejaapani s\u00f5nades eelneva t\u00e4ish\u00e4\u00e4liku pikendamiseks, nt \u30b3\u30f3\u30d4\u30e5\u30fc\u30bf <em>konpy\u016bta<\/em>, \u30e1\u30fc\u30eb <em>m\u0113ru<\/em> &#8216;kiri&#8217; (inglise <em>mail<\/em>). Hiraganas on see m\u00e4rk harv.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Read 12\u201316 sisaldavad jaapani p\u00f5hisilpe diakriitikutega: kaksikpunkt (<em>dakuten<\/em>) muudab kaash\u00e4\u00e4liku heliliseks, st k\u2192g, s\u2192z, t\u2192d ja h\u2192b, nt \u30ab ka \u2192 \u30ac ga. \u00dcmarpunkt (<em>handakuten<\/em>) viitab muule muutumisele: h\u2192p, nt \u30cf ha \u2192 \u30d1 pa.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Katakana\u30fd ja \u30fe (hiragana \u309d ja \u309e) on kordusm\u00e4rgid, neist teine muudab kaash\u00e4\u00e4liku heliliseks. Neid kasutatakse t\u00e4nap\u00e4eval harva, enamasti on seeasemel vastav <em>kanji<\/em> m\u00e4rk \u3005, nt \u4eba\u3005 <em>hitohito<\/em> &#8216;rahvas&#8217;.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Kunrei-siki<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jaapani ametlik latinisatsioonis\u00fcsteem on <em>kunrei-siki<\/em> (1954), kuid seda kasutatakse mh Jaapanis endas m\u00e4rksa v\u00e4hem kui Hepburni s\u00fcsteemi. Peamine erinevus on see, et <em>kunrei-siki<\/em> m\u00e4rgib silpe et\u00fcmoloogilise p\u00f5him\u00f5tte alusel, k\u00f5ik \u00fche rea silbid algavad sama kaash\u00e4\u00e4likuga (siinsetes tabelites on need reanumbri j\u00e4rel sulgudes). Hepburni s\u00fcsteem l\u00e4htub nende h\u00e4\u00e4ldusest. <em>Kunrei-siki<\/em>\u2019t v\u00f5ib teisendada Hepburni s\u00fcsteemi j\u00e4rgmiselt (noole ees <em>kunrei-siki<\/em>, j\u00e4rel Hepburn):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>tsirkumfleksi asemel on makron ehk pikkuskriips (<em>ky\u00fb<\/em> \u2192 <strong>ky\u016b<\/strong>, <em>\u00f4<\/em> \u2192 <strong>\u014d<\/strong> jne);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>di<\/em> \u2192 <strong>ji<\/strong>, <em>si<\/em> \u2192 <strong>shi<\/strong>, <em>ti<\/em> \u2192 <strong>chi<\/strong>, <em>zi<\/em> \u2192 <strong>ji<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>du<\/em> \u2192 <strong>zu<\/strong>, <em>hu<\/em> \u2192 <strong>fu<\/strong>, <em>tu<\/em> \u2192 <strong>tsu<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>sy<\/em>&#8211; \u2192 <strong>sh<\/strong>&#8211; (nt <em>sya<\/em> \u2192 <strong>sha<\/strong>), <em>ty<\/em>&#8211; \u2192 <strong>ch<\/strong>-, <em>zy<\/em>&#8211; \u2192 <strong>j<\/strong>&#8211;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hepburni parandatud s\u00fcsteem (1908), v\u00f5rdlus kunrei-siki\u2019ga.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[893],"tags":[743,895],"class_list":["post-27079","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-tahetabelid","tag-jaapani-keel","tag-tahetabel"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27079","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=27079"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27079\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":27089,"href":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27079\/revisions\/27089"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=27079"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=27079"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=27079"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}