{"id":27112,"date":"2025-12-30T01:34:36","date_gmt":"2025-12-29T23:34:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/?p=27112"},"modified":"2025-12-30T10:56:58","modified_gmt":"2025-12-30T08:56:58","slug":"urdu-ladina-tahetabel","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/urdu-ladina-tahetabel\/","title":{"rendered":"Urdu-ladina t\u00e4hetabel"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">USA kohanimen\u00f5ukogu (BGN) ja Briti kohanimekomitee (=PCGN) 2007. a latinisatsioonis\u00fcsteem. Sobib kasutada urdu keelest otse transkribeerimisel. Erineb m\u00f5nel m\u00e4\u00e4ral \u00dcRO 1972. a heaks kiidetud s\u00fcsteemist (vt v\u00f5rdlust l\u00f5pus).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Urdu keel kasutab araabia kirja, t\u00e4psemalt selle p\u00e4rsia-araabia varianti, mida on t\u00e4iendatud urdule iseloomulike h\u00e4\u00e4likute m\u00e4rkidega. V\u00f5rreldes araabia ja p\u00e4rsia t\u00e4hestikuga on selles viis lisat\u00e4hte: \u0679 \u1e6d, \u0688 \u1e0d, \u0691 \u1e5b, \u06ba \u00f1, \u06d2 e. Nagu araabia keeles, ei kasutata igap\u00e4evatekstides urdu keeles l\u00fchikeste t\u00e4ish\u00e4\u00e4likute diakriitikuid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Kaash\u00e4\u00e4likut\u00e4hed<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th>T\u00e4hed<\/th><th>Vasted<\/th><th>N\u00e4ited<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u0628<\/td><td>= <strong>b<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0628\u063a\u062f\u06cc = Bog\u0323hd\u012b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u067e<\/td><td>= <strong>P<\/strong><\/td><td>\u067e\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0631 = P\u0101l\u012br<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u062a<\/td><td>= <strong>t<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0628\u06cc\u0632\u0648\u062a \u06a9\u0644\u06d2 = Bezot Kale<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0679<\/td><td>= <strong>\u1e6d<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u06a9\u0648\u0679 = \u02bbAmal Ko\u1e6d<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u062b<\/td><td>= <strong>s\u0304<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0634\u0627\u06c1 \u0646\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u0644\u06c1 = Sh\u0101h Nas\u0304\u0101r Melah<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u062c<\/td><td>= <strong>j<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0628\u0631\u062c\u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u0644\u06c1 = Barj\u016b Melah<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0686<\/td><td>= <strong>ch<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0686\u067e\u0631\u06cc = Chapr\u012b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u062d<\/td><td>= <strong>\u1e29<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0644\u06d2 = A\u1e29mad \u1e32h\u0101n Kale<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u062e<\/td><td>= <strong>kh<\/strong> (\u1e33h)<sup>1<\/sup><\/td><td>\u0622\u06a9\u0627 \u062e\u06cc\u0644 = \u0100k\u0101 \u1e32hel<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u062f<\/td><td>= <strong>d<\/strong><\/td><td>\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc = Dur\u0101n\u012b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0688<\/td><td>= <strong>\u1e0d<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0688\u0646\u06af\u06cc\u0644\u0627 = \u1e0cang\u012bl\u0101<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0630<\/td><td>= <strong>z\u0304<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0630\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0646\u06cc = Z\u0304ar\u0101n\u012b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0631<\/td><td>= <strong>r<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0628\u0631\u06a9\u06cc = Burk\u012b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0691<\/td><td>= <strong>\u1e5b<\/strong><\/td><td>\u06af\u06cc\u062f\u0691\u06c1 = G\u012bda\u1e5bah<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0632<\/td><td>= <strong>z<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0632\u0627\u0626\u06cc = \u02bbAl\u012b Z\u0101\u02bc\u012b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0698<\/td><td>= <strong>zh<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0698\u0648\u0628 = Zhob<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0633<\/td><td>= <strong>s<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0628\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0648 = Bis\u0101t\u016b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0634<\/td><td>= <strong>sh<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u06cc \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0627 = A\u1e29mad\u012b Sh\u0101m\u0101<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0635<\/td><td>= <strong>\u015f<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0623\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062a \u06a9\u0644\u06d2 = A\u015f\u0101lat Kale<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0636<\/td><td>= <strong>\u1e95<\/strong><\/td><td>\u062e\u0636\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0646 = \u1e32ha\u1e95ar \u1e32h\u0101n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0637<\/td><td>= <strong>\u0163<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 = Sul\u0163\u0101n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0638<\/td><td>= <strong>z\u0327<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0633\u06cc\u062f \u0646\u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0644\u06d2 = Az\u0327am Sayyid N\u016br Kale<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0639<\/td><td>= <strong>\u02bb<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0634\u06cc\u0631 = \u02bbAlam Sher<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u063a<\/td><td>= <strong>gh<\/strong> (g\u0323h)<sup>1<\/sup><\/td><td>\u0628\u063a\u0627\u06a9\u06cc = Bg\u0323h\u0101k\u012b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0641<\/td><td>= <strong>f<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0645\u0638\u0641\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u0679 = Muz\u0327afar Ko\u1e6d<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0642<\/td><td>= <strong>q<\/strong><\/td><td>\u062d\u0642\u062f\u0631\u06c1 = \u1e28aqdarah<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u06a9<\/td><td>= <strong>k<\/strong><\/td><td>\u06a9\u0686\u06a9\u06cc\u0646\u06c1 = Kachk\u012bnah<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u06af<\/td><td>= <strong>g<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0628\u0627\u06af\u0646 = B\u0101gan<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0644<\/td><td>= <strong>l<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0628\u0644\u0628\u0644\u06a9 = Bulbalak<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0645<\/td><td>= <strong>m<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0628\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0646 = Bily\u0101m\u012bn<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0646<\/td><td>= <strong>n<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0646\u06c1\u0631 = Nahr<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u06ba<\/td><td>= <strong>\u00f1<\/strong><\/td><td>\u062c\u0648\u06a9\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u06ba = Jok\u0101l\u012b\u0101\u00f1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0648<\/td><td>= <strong>w<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc = Araw\u0101l\u012b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u06c1 (\u06c1\u0640 \u0640\u06c1\u0640 \u0640\u06c1)<\/td><td>= <strong>h<\/strong><sup>2<\/sup><\/td><td>\u0647\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0634\u0627\u06c1 = Herosh\u0101h, \u0645\u06c1\u0631\u062f\u06cc = Mahrd\u012b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u06be (\u06be\u0640 \u0640\u06be\u0640 \u0640\u06be)<\/td><td>= <strong>h<\/strong><sup>2<\/sup><\/td><td>\u0628\u0691\u06be = Ba\u1e5bh<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0621<\/td><td>= <strong>\u02bc<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0634\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0624 = Sh\u012bw\u0101\u02bco<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u06cc<\/td><td>= <strong>y<\/strong><\/td><td><br>\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0644\u06d2 = Y\u0101rd\u0101 Kale<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><sup>1<\/sup> Sulgudes olevaid vasteid kastutatakse kohanimeandmebaasis ja siin n\u00e4idetes, et teha vahet nende kahel t\u00e4hendusel: <em>\u1e33h<\/em> [x], <em>g\u0329h<\/em> [\u0263] ning <em>kh<\/em> [k\u02b0], <em>gh<\/em> [\u0261\u02b1]. Viimast paari kirjutatakse urdu keeles kahe t\u00e4hega: k+h (\u06a9\u06be), g+h (\u06af\u06be). Eristus on p\u00e4rit \u00dcRO s\u00fcsteemist.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><sup>2<\/sup> T\u00e4ht <em>h<\/em> esineb kahel kujul, <em>gol heh<\/em> &#8216;\u00fcmmargune <em>h<\/em>&#8216;, mis m\u00e4rgib <em>h<\/em>-d igas positsioonis, ja <em>do-chashme heh<\/em> &#8216;kahesilmaline <em>h<\/em>&#8216;, mis m\u00e4rgib h\u00f5ngust <em>k, p, t, \u1e6d, ch, g, b, d, \u1e0d, j, \u1e5b<\/em> j\u00e4rel. Nende sidusvormid on n\u00e4idatud sulgudes (paremalt vasakule lugedes algus-, kesk- ja l\u00f5ppvorm). N\u00e4iteid h\u00f5ngusega kaash\u00e4\u00e4likutest: \u0628\u06be\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0646 = Bh\u0101\u02bc\u012b \u1e32h\u0101n, \u067e\u06be\u0627\u0634\u06a9 = Ph\u0101shk, \u062a\u06be\u0644 = Thall, \u067e\u0679\u06be\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u06cc\u0627 = Pa\u1e6dh\u0101n Ry\u0101, \u062c\u06be\u06cc\u0644 = Jh\u012bl, \u0628\u0627\u062f\u0634\u0627\u06c1 \u0686\u06be\u0645 = B\u0101dsh\u0101h Chhum, \u0688\u06be\u0646\u0688 = \u1e0chan\u1e0d, \u063a\u0648\u0632\u06af\u0691\u06be\u06cc = G\u0329hozga\u1e5bh\u012b, \u062f\u0648\u063a\u0644 \u06af\u0627\u06a9\u06be\u0631 = Dog\u0329hal G\u0101khar, \u062e\u0627\u0646 \u06af\u06be\u0691\u06cc = \u1e32h\u0101n Gha\u1e5b\u012b.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">T\u00e4ish\u00e4\u00e4likum\u00e4rgid ja diakriitikud<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u00e4rkidel on sageli n\u00e4idatud mitu kuju, mis eraldatud komaga: t\u00e4histus s\u00f5na alguses, keskel ja l\u00f5pus (NB! m\u00e4rke tuleb lugeda paremalt vasakule). Tabeli n\u00e4idetes ei ole t\u00e4ish\u00e4\u00e4likum\u00e4rke lisatud.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th>M\u00e4rgid<\/th><th>Vasted<\/th><th>N\u00e4ited<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u0623\u064e\u060c \u0640\u0640\u064e\u0640<\/td><td>= <strong>a<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0688\u0646\u0688\u0631 = \u1e0can\u1e0dar<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0622\u060c \u0627<\/td><td>= <strong>\u0101<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0622\u06af\u0631\u06c1 = \u0100grah<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0625\u0650\u060c \u0640\u0640\u0650\u0640<\/td><td>= <strong>i<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0645\u0648\u0631\u067e\u062a\u06be\u06cc = Maurpith\u012b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u06cc\u0640\u060c \u0640\u0640\u0650\u06cc<\/td><td>= <strong>\u012b<\/strong><\/td><td>\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u06c1 \u062f\u06cc\u0646 = Kherah D\u012bn<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u06cc\u0640\u060c \u0640\u06cc\u0640\u060c \u0640\u06d2<\/td><td>= <strong>e<\/strong><\/td><td>\u062f\u0631\u06d2 \u067e\u0644\u0627\u0631\u06cc = Dre Pl\u0101r\u012b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0623\u064f\u060c \u0640\u0640\u064f\u0640<\/td><td>= <strong>u<\/strong><\/td><td>\u06af\u0628\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0646\u06c1 = Gub\u0101z\u0101nah<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0623\u064f\u0648\u060c \u0640\u0640\u064f\u0648<\/td><td>= <strong>\u016b<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0627\u0648\u0634\u0648 = \u016asho<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0648\u060c \u0648<\/td><td>= <strong>o<\/strong><\/td><td>\u06af\u06cc\u062f\u0648 = G\u012bdo<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0623\u064e\u06cc\u0640\u060c \u0640\u0640\u0650\u0640\u06cc\u0640\u060c \u0640\u0640\u064e\u0640\u06d2<\/td><td>= <strong>ai<\/strong><\/td><td>\u062d\u06cc\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0644\u06d2 = \u1e28aidar \u02bbAl\u012b Kale<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0623\u064e\u0648\u060c \u0640\u0640\u064e\u0640\u0648<\/td><td>= <strong>au<\/strong><\/td><td>\u062a\u0648\u062f\u06c1 \u0686\u06cc\u0646\u06c1 = Taudah Ch\u012bnah<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0640\u0640\u0652\u0640<\/td><td>(t\u00e4ish\u00e4\u00e4liku puudumine)<\/td><td>\u0628\u0648\u063a\u062f\u06cc = Bog\u0323hd\u012b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u06cc\u0670<\/td><td>= <strong>\u00e1<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0645\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0670 \u062e\u064e\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0644\u06d2 = M\u016bs\u00e1 \u1e32h\u0101n Kale<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0640\u0640\u0651\u0640<\/td><td>(kaash\u00e4\u00e4liku topeldus)<\/td><td>\u0645\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u064e\u063a = Mull\u0101 B\u0101g\u0323h<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>M\u00e4rkused<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Urdu s\u00f5nad \u00fcldiselt ei l\u00f5pe l\u00fchikese t\u00e4ish\u00e4\u00e4likuga. Kui s\u00f5na l\u00f5pus on l\u00fchikese <em>i<\/em> m\u00e4rk (\u0640\u0640\u0650\u0640), siis v\u00f5ib see viidata p\u00e4rsia sidesufiksile (<em>izafat<\/em>), mida latiniseeritakse &#8211;<strong>e<\/strong> (mitte &#8211;<strong>i<\/strong>).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kui on vaja eristada urdu t\u00e4he\u00fchendeid <em>s+h<\/em>, <em>z+h<\/em>, mille latinisatsioon langeb kokku tabelis antud \u00fchet\u00e4heliste urdu t\u00e4htede vastetega, v\u00f5ib esimeste eristamiseks kasutada sisepunkti (\u00b7), <strong>s\u00b7h<\/strong>, <strong>z\u00b7h<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00dcRO 1972. a s\u00fcsteem<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nii BGN\/PCGNi s\u00fcsteem kui ka \u00dcRO 1972. a heaks kiidetud s\u00fcsteem \u2013 mida pole tegelikult kusagil rakendatud \u2013 rajanevad nn Hunteri s\u00fcsteemil, mida on India ja Pakistani kartograafias \u00fcle saja aasta kasutatud. Hunteri s\u00fcsteemis ei kasutata muid diakriitikuid peale pikkuskriipsu. Siin kirjeldatud s\u00fcsteemidest saab Hunteri variandi, kui j\u00e4tta muud diakriitikud \u00e4ra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00dcRO s\u00fcsteemis on j\u00e4rgmised erinevused, v\u00f5rreldes BGN\/PCGNi omaga:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Eristatakse urdu \u00fchet\u00e4helisi kaash\u00e4\u00e4likuid (<em>\u1e33h<\/em>, <em>g\u0329h<\/em>) kahet\u00e4helistest \u00fchenditest (<em>kh<\/em>, <em>gh<\/em>), vt l\u00e4hemalt kaash\u00e4\u00e4likut\u00e4htede tabeli allm\u00e4rkust 1.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00dcRO s\u00fcsteemis ei eristata diakriitikutega t\u00e4hti <em>\u015f<\/em> (\u0635), <em>\u1e95<\/em> (\u0636), <em>\u0163<\/em> (\u0637), <em>z\u0327<\/em> (\u0638), need on lihtsalt <em>s, z, t, z<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Erinevad vasted on veel (BGN\/PCGN = \u00dcRO) <code>\u00f1<\/code> = <em>n<\/em>, <code>\u1e5b<\/code> = <em>\u1e59<\/em>, <code>zh<\/code> = <em>\u1ef5<\/em>, <code>w<\/code> = <em>v<\/em> (teatud eranditega), <code>h<\/code> = <em>\u1e25<\/em> (teatud juhtudel).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Kirjandus<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/media\/5ab4e64d40f0b67d64e21540\/ROMANIZATION_OF_URDU.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Romanization of Urdu. BGN\/PCGN 2007 System<\/a>. \u2013 Permanent Committee on Geographical Names, gov.uk (vaadatud 30.12.2025).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>BGN\/PCGNi 2007. a heaks kiidetud tabel.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[893],"tags":[895,866],"class_list":["post-27112","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-tahetabelid","tag-tahetabel","tag-urdu-keel"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27112","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=27112"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27112\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":27121,"href":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27112\/revisions\/27121"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=27112"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=27112"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=27112"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}