{"id":2757,"date":"2021-07-30T16:59:51","date_gmt":"2021-07-30T13:59:51","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/193.40.33.167\/teatmik\/?p=2757"},"modified":"2026-06-22T11:16:34","modified_gmt":"2026-06-22T08:16:34","slug":"voornimede-kaanamine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/voornimede-kaanamine\/","title":{"rendered":"V\u00f5\u00f5rnimede k\u00e4\u00e4namine"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kuigi v\u00f5\u00f5rnimede k\u00e4\u00e4namine on \u00fcldiselt reeglip\u00e4rane, kerkib aeg-ajalt siiski praktilisi probleeme. Allpool kasutatud h\u00e4\u00e4ldusm\u00e4rkide kohta vt&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/eki.ee\/teatmik\/haaldusmargid-uhendsonastikus-us\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"2730\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">eraldi selgitust<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\r\n<div id=\"luhidalt-block_cc9190ab0e281036b1d658fa1ae25da9\" class=\"luhidalt\">\r\n   <h4>L\u00fchidalt<\/h4>\r\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u00f5\u00f5rnimesid k\u00e4\u00e4natakse nende&nbsp;<strong>h\u00e4\u00e4ldusest l\u00e4htudes<\/strong>. Need v\u00f5\u00f5rnimed, mis l\u00f5pevad h\u00e4\u00e4lduses kaash\u00e4\u00e4likuga, saavad k\u00e4\u00e4namisel t\u00fcve l\u00f5ppu t\u00e4ish\u00e4\u00e4liku&nbsp;<em><strong>i<\/strong><\/em>, m\u00f5nikord&nbsp;<em><strong>e<\/strong><\/em>&nbsp;(<em>s<\/em>-l\u00f5pulistes nimedes), m\u00f5nikord&nbsp;<em><strong>u<\/strong><\/em>&nbsp;(<em>ik<\/em>&#8211; ja&nbsp;<em>ing<\/em>-l\u00f5pulistes nimedes). V\u00f5\u00f5rnimede k\u00e4\u00e4namisel esineb v\u00e4ltevaheldust, aga mitte laadivaheldust.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kui kirjapildi ja h\u00e4\u00e4lduse vahel tekib h\u00e4iriv vastuolu, siis kasutatakse k\u00e4\u00e4namisel&nbsp;<strong>\u00fclakoma<\/strong>: (andis)&nbsp;<em>Jane&#8217;ile<\/em>, (ootas)&nbsp;<em>Godot&#8217;d<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\r\n<div id=\"pikemalt-block_42b7beb44160388604224db66dbe0669\" class=\"pikemalt\">\r\n\r\n   <h4>Pikemalt<\/h4>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 id=\"t\u00fcvevokaal\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">T\u00fcvevokaal<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>T\u00fcvevokaal<\/strong>&nbsp;on t\u00e4ish\u00e4\u00e4lik, mis lisandub t\u00fcve l\u00f5ppu omastavast k\u00e4\u00e4ndest alates, nt&nbsp;<em>sepp : sep<u>a<\/u><\/em>,&nbsp;<em>kapp : kap<u>i<\/u><\/em>,&nbsp;<em>lipp : lip<u>u<\/u><\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kaash\u00e4\u00e4likuga l\u00f5ppevad v\u00f5\u00f5rnimed saavad t\u00fcvevokaaliks tavaliselt&nbsp;<em><strong>i<\/strong><\/em>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>Balzac : Balzaci<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>M\u00fcnchen : M\u00fcncheni<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>Haag : Haagi<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kui nimes on kaks ja enam silpi ning nime viimane silp on r\u00f5huta t\u00e4ish\u00e4\u00e4lik +&nbsp;<em>s<\/em>, siis on t\u00fcvevokaal&nbsp;<em><strong>e<\/strong><\/em>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>Honduras : Hondurase<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>Saldus : Salduse<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kui r\u00f5hk on aga viimasel silbil, siis on t\u00fcvevokaaliks ikkagi&nbsp;<em><strong>i<\/strong><\/em>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>Purus : Purusi<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>Pasvalys : Pasvalysi<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kui l\u00f5pu-<em>s<\/em>&nbsp;h\u00e4\u00e4ldub tegelikult tugevana, siis sobib t\u00fcvevokaaliks emb-kumb:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>C\u00e1diz<\/code>&nbsp;[kaadis(s)] :&nbsp;<code>C\u00e1dize<\/code>&nbsp;[kaadise] v\u00f5i&nbsp;<code>C\u00e1dizi<\/code>&nbsp;[kaadissi].<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>ik<\/em>-, harvem&nbsp;<em>ing<\/em>-l\u00f5pulistes nimedes, eriti isikunimedes esineb t\u00fcvevokaalina ka&nbsp;<em><strong>u<\/strong><\/em>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>Botvinnik : Botvinniku<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>\u0160vernik : \u0160verniku<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>Golding : Goldingu<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kohanimed (<em>Dubrovnik, Nalt\u0161ik, Narvik<\/em>) on seni normitud siiski <em>i<\/em>-t\u00fcvelistena.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u00f5ned piiblist tuntud kohanimed k\u00e4\u00e4nduvad <em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em>-t\u00fcvelistena. <code>Jeruusalemma<\/code>, <code>Kapernauma<\/code>, <code>Petlemma<\/code> ja <code>Soodoma<\/code> nime k\u00e4\u00e4namise fikseeris sellisena juba 1739. a piibel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"astmevaheldus\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Astmevaheldus<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u00f5\u00f5rnimedes on t\u00e4nap\u00e4eval v\u00f5imalik \u00fcksnes v\u00e4ltevaheldus, laadivaheldust (nt&nbsp;<em>Hamburg : Hamburi<\/em>) ilmnes viimati veel XX sajandi algul. Seejuures erineb m\u00f5nev\u00f5rra isiku- ja kohanimede k\u00e4\u00e4namine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Isikunimedel, mis l\u00f5pevad kirjapildis \u00fche- v\u00f5i kahekordse&nbsp;<em>k, p, t, f, \u0161<\/em>-ga, j\u00e4\u00e4b kirjapilt k\u00e4\u00e4namisel muutmatuks, kuigi h\u00e4\u00e4lduses on v\u00e4ltevaheldus olemas:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>Watt : Watti<\/code>, vrd h\u00e4\u00e4lduses [wott] : [woti]<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>Kant : Kanti<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>Trump : Trumpi<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>Koff : Koffi<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kohanimedes on traditsiooniliselt neil juhtudel kirjapildis n\u00e4ha ka pikkusmuutust:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>Nordkapp : Nordkapi<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>Ta\u0161kent : Ta\u0161kendi<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>Frankfurt : Frankfurdi<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>New York : New Yorgi<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Emakeele Seltsi keeletoimkond asus 1996. a maanimesid (konkreetselt Norfolki nime) arutades seisukohale, et pikkusmuutus v\u00f5ib esineda vaid tuntumates kohanimedes, muidu v\u00f5iks \u00fcldreeglina nime algkuju k\u00e4\u00e4namisel s\u00e4ilida, seega nt&nbsp;<code>Norfolk : Norfolki<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>New Yorgi<\/em> k\u00e4\u00e4namine omastavas jm <em>g<\/em>-ga on \u00fcsna erandlik, sest nimes on selgelt v\u00f5\u00f5rkeele kirjaviis. <em>York<\/em> (krahvkond Inglismaal) k\u00e4\u00e4ndub seevastu reeglip\u00e4raselt, nt <em>Yorki hertsog<\/em>. Kuiv\u00f5rd need kaks nime on et\u00fcmoloogiliselt seotud, on m\u00f5eldav k\u00e4\u00e4nata ka reeglip\u00e4raselt <code>New York : New Yorki : New Yorki<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kujunenud tava kohaselt on v\u00f5imalik&nbsp;<strong>osastavas<\/strong>&nbsp;ja&nbsp;<strong>l\u00fchikeses sisse\u00fctlevas<\/strong>&nbsp;<em>k, p, t, f, \u0161<\/em>&nbsp;topeldada, juhul, kui nad nimetavas k\u00e4\u00e4ndes on \u00fchekordsed (vrd&nbsp;<em>taburet : taburetti<\/em>):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>Bi\u0161kek : Bi\u0161kekki<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>TikTok : TikTokki<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>Maikop : Maikoppi<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>Gujarat : Gujaratti<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>Irt\u00f5\u0161 : Irt\u00f5\u0161\u0161i<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Selline topeldamine sobib siiski vaid juhul, kui v\u00e4hemalt nime l\u00f5pposa on eestip\u00e4rase kirjapildiga (vrd aga osastavas&nbsp;<code>Balzac : Balzaci<\/code>&nbsp;ja&nbsp;<code>Facebook : Facebooki<\/code>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00dcsna suur hulk v\u00f5\u00f5rnimesid on niisugused, kus r\u00f5hulises l\u00f5ppsilbis on \u00fchekordne t\u00e4ish\u00e4\u00e4liku- ja kaash\u00e4\u00e4likut\u00e4ht (v.a&nbsp;<em>k, p, t, f, \u0161<\/em>), nt&nbsp;<code>Abakan, Arag\u00f3n, Bhutan, Don, Karakol, Moj\u00f5nkum, Ob, Orjol, Qom, Srem, Tarim<\/code>. Oma h\u00e4\u00e4ldust\u00fc\u00fcbilt kuuluvad need v\u00e4ltevahelduslikku t\u00fc\u00fcpi, ent kirjapilt kolmandav\u00e4ltelisust ei kajasta. Et k\u00f5ne alla ei saa tulla ei kirjapildi mugandamine (<em>Donn, Orjoll<\/em>&nbsp;jne) ega v\u00f5\u00f5rs\u00f5nadega sarnaselt&nbsp;<em>i<\/em>-l\u00f5puliseks tegemine (vrd&nbsp;<em>gl\u00f6gg &gt; gl\u00f6gi, pub &gt; pubi<\/em>), siis on senistes normingutes need nimed liidetud astmevahelduseta t\u00fc\u00fcbiga (<em>seminar<\/em>), sest alati pole p\u00e4ris selge, millist h\u00e4\u00e4likut l\u00f5ppsilbis pikendada. Emakeele Seltsi keeletoimkond otsustas seep\u00e4rast heaks kiita selgituse, et&nbsp;<em>seminar<\/em>-t\u00fc\u00fcpi m\u00e4\u00e4ramine kajastab nende nimede k\u00e4\u00e4ndel\u00f5ppe \u00fcksnes kirjapildi seisukohalt. Suulises k\u00f5nes on loomulik, et \u00fcks l\u00f5ppsilbi h\u00e4\u00e4likutest (t\u00e4ish\u00e4\u00e4lik v\u00f5i kaash\u00e4\u00e4lik) pikeneb ja nimi k\u00e4\u00e4ndub v\u00e4ltevaheldusliku malli kohaselt, nt&nbsp;<code>Erzurum : Erzurumi : Erzurumi<\/code>, k\u00f5nes [erzur`umm : erzur\u00b4ummi : erzur`ummi].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">K\u00e4\u00e4namine kaht t\u00fc\u00fcpi h\u00e4\u00e4lduse kohaselt<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u00f5nel reeglip\u00e4raselt kirjutataval nimel on eesti tavas kindlaks kujunenud kirjapildil\u00e4hedane h\u00e4\u00e4ldus, nt&nbsp;<code>Arkansas<\/code>&nbsp;[ark\u00b4ansas], vrd inglise [\u00b4aa(r)kans`oo]. Nime k\u00e4\u00e4ndt\u00fc\u00fcp l\u00e4htub kirjapildil\u00e4hedasest h\u00e4\u00e4ldusest, nt&nbsp;<code>Arkansas : Arkansase<\/code>. P\u00f5him\u00f5tteliselt ei ole viga h\u00e4\u00e4ldada ka algkeelel\u00e4hedaselt nt&nbsp;<code>Arkansas<\/code>&nbsp;[\u00b4aa(r)kans`oo] ja nime vastavalt k\u00e4\u00e4nata (omastav&nbsp;<code>Arkansas\u2019<\/code>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"\u00fclakoma-kasutamine\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00dclakoma kasutamine<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u00f5\u00f5rnimede k\u00e4\u00e4namisel tekitab k\u00fcsimusi ka \u00fclakoma ehk apostroofi kasutamine. Varasemat praktikat alates J. Aavikust kuni kaasaegsete keelek\u00e4sitlusteni anal\u00fc\u00fcsis p\u00f5hjalikult 1976. a E. Kindlam, kes pooldas apostroofi kui \u00e4raj\u00e4tum\u00e4rki, t\u00e4histamaks seda, et nime l\u00f5pust j\u00e4\u00e4b t\u00e4ht v\u00f5i t\u00e4he\u00fchend h\u00e4\u00e4ldamata: <em>Camus\u2019d, Boulanger\u2019d, Amiens\u2019i, Maupassant\u2019i, Perrault\u2019ga, Evie\u2019t, Maggie\u2019le, Hume\u2019i, Corneille\u2019l, Versaille\u2019s, Cannes\u2019i, Nantes\u2019i<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00e4nap\u00e4eva&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/ulakoma\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"11482\">reegel<\/a>&nbsp;on siiski lihtsam: \u00fclakoma on vaja, kui<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>nimi l\u00f5peb h\u00e4\u00e4lduses t\u00e4ish\u00e4\u00e4likuga, aga kirjapildis kaash\u00e4\u00e4likuga (nt osastav&nbsp;<code>Godot\u2019d<\/code>),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>nimi l\u00f5peb h\u00e4\u00e4lduses kaash\u00e4\u00e4likuga, aga kirjapildis t\u00e4ish\u00e4\u00e4likuga (nt alal\u00fctlev&nbsp;<code>Jane\u2019il<\/code>),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00fchesilbiliste s\u00f5nade m\u00f5nedes k\u00e4\u00e4ndevormides, kui need oleksid muidu raskesti \u00e4ratuntavad (<code>Po\u2019d, Kon\u2019iga, Edgar Allan Poe\u2019d<\/code>, vahest ka osastav&nbsp;<code>Cat'i<\/code>).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">E. Kindlami n\u00e4idetest v\u00f5iks seega kirjutada \u00fclakomata&nbsp;<em>Amiensi, Maupassanti, Eviet, Maggiele<\/em>&nbsp;ja isegi h\u00e4\u00e4lduses terve silbi kadumaminekul&nbsp;<em>Cannesi, Nantesi<\/em>, kuigi nende puhul on \u00fclakoma v\u00f5imalust m\u00f6\u00f6ndud. Ent vajaduse korral v\u00f5ib \u00fclakoma kasutada muudelgi juhtudel, nt nimetava eraldamiseks (<em>s\u00f5ideti Kanchari\u2019ni<\/em>) v\u00f5i v\u00f5\u00f5ruse toonitamiseks (<em>Libeeria pealinnast Freetownist Kabala\u2019sse<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"soome-nimede-k\u00e4\u00e4namine\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Eri keelte nimede k\u00e4\u00e4namine<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00e4psemaid soovitusi \u00fcksikute keeltega seotud nimet\u00fc\u00fcpide k\u00e4\u00e4namise kohta leiab vastavate keelte nimede juhiste alt, vt<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/hispaania-nimed\/#kaanamine\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"3522\">hispaania nimed<\/a> (<em>z<\/em>-l\u00f5pulised nimed);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/eki.ee\/teatmik\/inglise-nimed\/#kaanamine\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"2950\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">inglise nimed<\/a> (<em>r<\/em>-l\u00f5pulised nimed);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/portugali-nimed\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"3475\">portugali nimed<\/a> (nasaalvokaaliga l\u00f5ppevad nimed);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/eki.ee\/teatmik\/prantsuse-nimed\/#kaanamine\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"2967\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">prantsuse nimed<\/a> (nasaalvokaaliga l\u00f5ppevad nimed);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/eki.ee\/teatmik\/rumeenia-nimed\/#kaanamine\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"3053\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">rumeenia nimed<\/a> (peenendatud kaash\u00e4\u00e4likuga l\u00f5ppevad nimed);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/eki.ee\/teatmik\/soome-nimed\/#kaanamine\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"3075\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">soome nimed<\/a> (keelesugulusest tingitud k\u00e4\u00e4namisprobleemid);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/eki.ee\/teatmik\/ungari-nimed\/#k%C3%A4%C3%A4namine\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">ungari nimed<\/a> (<em>y<\/em>-ga l\u00f5ppevad nimed),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/valgevene-nimed\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"5427\">valgevene nimed<\/a> (<em>\u016d<\/em>-ga l\u00f5ppevad nimed).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"kirjandus\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Kirjandus<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ester Kindlam, Meie igap\u00e4evane keel. Tallinn: Valgus, 1976, lk 143\u2013160.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\" \/>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>T\u00fcvevokaal, astmevaheldus, \u00fclakoma kasutamine.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[706],"tags":[688,691,589,698],"class_list":["post-2757","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-voornimed","tag-tuvevokaal","tag-ulakoma","tag-voornime-kaanamine","tag-voornimi"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2757","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2757"}],"version-history":[{"count":29,"href":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2757\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":29232,"href":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2757\/revisions\/29232"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2757"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2757"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2757"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}