{"id":2773,"date":"2021-07-30T17:11:37","date_gmt":"2021-07-30T14:11:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/193.40.33.167\/teatmik\/?p=2773"},"modified":"2022-05-10T15:03:41","modified_gmt":"2022-05-10T12:03:41","slug":"poola-nimed","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/poola-nimed\/","title":{"rendered":"Poola nimed"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Indoeuroopa keelkonna slaavi keelte l\u00e4\u00e4neslaavi r\u00fchma kuuluv poola keel (j\u0119zyk polski<\/em>) on Poola ametikeel, ta on tunnustatud v\u00e4hemuskeel Leedus, Rumeenias, Slovakkias, T\u0161ehhis, Ukrainas ja Ungaris.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kirjutus<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Poola keel kasutab ladina kirja, milles on lisam\u00e4rkidega t\u00e4hti. Poola t\u00e4hestik:<\/p>\n\n\n\r\n

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A a, \u0104 \u0105, B b, C c, \u0106 \u0107, D d, E e, \u0118 \u0119, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, \u0141 \u0142, M m, N n, \u0143 \u0144, O o, \u00d3 \u00f3, P p, R r, S s, \u015a \u015b, T t, U u, W w, Y y, Z z, \u0179 \u017a, \u017b \u017c.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\n\n

M\u00f5nda h\u00e4\u00e4likut m\u00e4rgitakse t\u00e4he\u00fchendi abil: ch, cz, rz, sz<\/strong>. T\u00e4helepanelik tuleb olla t\u00e4htede l<\/strong> ja \u0142<\/strong> eristamisel.<\/p>\n\n\n\r\n

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Eesti tekstis kirjutatakse poola nimesid muutmata kujul koos k\u00f5igi lisam\u00e4rkidega, st originaalip\u00e4raselt.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n\n

H\u00e4\u00e4ldus<\/h2>\n\n\n\r\n
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L\u00fchidalt<\/h4>\r\n<\/div>\n\n\n

R\u00f5hk on tavaliselt eelviimasel silbil. Akuut (\u00b4) kaash\u00e4\u00e4likut\u00e4he peal m\u00e4rgib palatalisatsiooni, p\u00f6\u00f6rdsedii (\u02db) t\u00e4ish\u00e4\u00e4likut\u00e4he all nasalisatsiooni (ninah\u00e4\u00e4ldust).<\/p>\n\n\n\r\n

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Pikemalt<\/h4>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\n\n
T\u00e4hed<\/strong><\/th>H\u00e4\u00e4ldus<\/strong><\/th>N\u00e4ited<\/strong><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
\u0105<\/strong><\/td>[o(n)] \u00fcldjuhul<\/td>\u015al\u0105sk [slo(n)sk], Sm\u0105decki [smo(n)d\u00b7etski]<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>[om] b<\/strong> ja p<\/strong> ees<\/td>D\u0105browski [dombr\u00b7ofski]<\/td><\/tr>
c<\/strong><\/td>[ts]<\/td>Zabrocki [zabr\u00b7otski], Cyrankiewicz [ts\u00f5rankj\u00b7evit\u0161]<\/td><\/tr>
\u0107<\/strong><\/td>[t’s]<\/td>Ga\u0107 [gat’s]<\/td><\/tr>
ch<\/strong><\/td>[h(h)]<\/td>Choroma\u0144ski [horom\u00b7an’ski], Ochocki [ohh\u00b7otski]<\/td><\/tr>
cz<\/strong><\/td>[t\u0161]<\/td>Cz\u0119stochowa [t\u0161e(n)stohh\u00b7ova]<\/td><\/tr>
\u0119<\/strong><\/td>[e(n)] \u00fcldjuhul<\/td>Ostrom\u0119cki [ostrom\u00b7e(n)tski]<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>[em] b<\/strong> ja p<\/strong> ees<\/td>Otr\u0119bski [otr\u00b7embski]<\/td><\/tr>
i<\/strong><\/td>[j] ~ [‘] vokaali ees<\/td>Sienkiewicz [sjenkj\u00b7evit\u0161], Moniuszko [monj\u00b7u\u0161ko]<\/td><\/tr>
\u0142<\/strong><\/td>[l] ~ [w] (nagu vene \u043b)<\/td>Na\u0142kowska [nalk\u00b7ofska]<\/td><\/tr>
\u0144<\/strong><\/td>[n’]<\/td>Pozna\u0144 [poznan’]<\/td><\/tr>
\u00f3<\/strong><\/td>[u]<\/td>J\u00f3zef [juzef], Chorz\u00f3w [ho\u017euf]<\/td><\/tr>
rz<\/strong><\/td>[\u017e] \u00fcldjuhul<\/td>Orzeszko [o\u017e\u00b7e\u0161ko], Rzecki [\u017eetski]<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>[\u0161] k, p, t<\/strong> j\u00e4rel ja s\u00f5na l\u00f5pus<\/td>Krzeszowska [k\u0161e\u0161\u00b7ofska], Sandomierz [sand\u00b7omje\u0161]<\/td><\/tr>
s<\/strong><\/td>[ss] vokaalide vahel<\/td>Krasi\u0144ski [krass\u00b7in’ski], Pasek [passek]<\/td><\/tr>
\u015b<\/strong><\/td>[s’]<\/td>My\u015blib\u00f3rz [m\u00f5s’l\u00b7ibu\u0161]<\/td><\/tr>
sz<\/strong><\/td>[\u0161]<\/td>Kraszewski [kra\u0161\u00b7efski], Morsztyn [mor\u0161t\u00f5n]<\/td><\/tr>
szcz<\/strong><\/td>[\u0161t\u0161]<\/td>Szczecin [\u0161t\u0161etsin]<\/td><\/tr>
w<\/strong><\/td>[v] \u00fcldjuhul<\/td>Mickiewicz [mitskj\u00b7evit\u0161]<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>[f] s\u00f5na l\u00f5pus ja helitute konsonantide naabruses<\/td>Rzesz\u00f3w [\u017ee\u0161uf]<\/td><\/tr>
y<\/strong><\/td>[\u00f5]<\/td>Gdynia [gd\u00f5nja], Goszczy\u0144ski [go\u0161t\u0161\u00b7\u00f5n’ski]<\/td><\/tr>
\u017a<\/strong><\/td>[z’]<\/td>\u0141\u00f3d\u017a [ludz’] ~ [wudz’]<\/td><\/tr>
\u017c<\/strong><\/td>[\u017e]<\/td>Rze\u017cuchowska [\u017ee\u017euhh\u00b7ofska], \u017beromski [\u017eer\u00b7omski]<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>
Poola nimede h\u00e4\u00e4ldus<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e4psemas h\u00e4\u00e4lduses on l<\/em> palataliseeritud, \u0142<\/em> aga h\u00e4sti tume l<\/em>, mis meenutab inglise [w]-d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Isikunimed<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Poola isikunimemall on kaheosaline: eesnimi + perekonnanimi<\/strong>. T\u00fc\u00fcpilised perekonnanimede l\u00f5pud on –\u0144ski<\/em>, –wski<\/em> ja –cki<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Poola naine v\u00f5tab abielludes mehe perekonnanime, kuid v\u00f5ib s\u00e4ilitada ka oma perekonnanime v\u00f5i kombineerida m\u00f5lemad nimed, sageli sidekriipsu abil. ski<\/em>-l\u00f5pulistel (samuti l\u00f5ppudega -cki, -dzki, -ny, -ty<\/em>) perekonnanimedel v\u00f5ivad olla naissoovasted, mille tunnuseks on –a<\/em> (-ska, -cka, -dzka, -na, -ta<\/em>). Nt (mehenimi \u2013 naisenimi) Skolimowski \u2013 Skolimowska, Kowalski \u2013 Kowalska, Podg\u00f3rny \u2013 Podg\u00f3rna. Poola naised v\u00e4lismaal v\u00f5ivad abielludes j\u00e4tta ka mehe nime muutmata, nt Danuta Malinowski.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kohanimed<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Poola ala kohta k\u00e4ivad ekson\u00fc\u00fcmid: Alam-Sileesia<\/code> (Dolny \u015al\u0105sk<\/em>), Beskiidid<\/code> (Beskidy<\/em>), Galiitsia<\/code> (Galicja<\/em>), Ida-Beskiidid<\/code> (Beskidy Wschodnie<\/em>), Karpaadid<\/code> (Karpaty<\/em>), Ka\u0161uubia<\/code> (Kaszuby<\/em>), K\u00f5rg-Beskiidid<\/code> (Beskid Wysoki<\/em>), K\u00f5rg-Tatra<\/code> (Tatry Wysokie<\/em>), L\u00e4\u00e4ne-Beskiidid<\/code> (Beskidy Zachodnie<\/em>), L\u00e4\u00e4ne-Pomorze<\/code> (vojevoodkond, Pomorze Zachodnie<\/em>), L\u00e4\u00e4ne-Tatra<\/code> (Tatry Zachodnie<\/em>), Madal-Beskiidid<\/code> (Beskid Niski<\/em>), Masoovia<\/code> (Mazowsze<\/em>), Masuuria<\/code> (Mazury<\/em>), Masuuria k\u00f5rgustik<\/code> (Pojezierze Mazurskie<\/em>), Neisse<\/code> (j\u00f5gi, Nysa \u0141u\u017cycka<\/em>), Podlaasia<\/code> (Podlasie<\/em>), Pommeri<\/code> (Pomorze<\/em>), Pommeri laht<\/code> (Zatoka Pomorska<\/em>), Poola<\/code> (Polska<\/em>), Sileesia<\/code> (\u015al\u0105sk<\/em>), Sileesia k\u00f5rgustik<\/code> (Wy\u017cyna \u015al\u0105ska<\/em>), Sudeedid<\/code> (Sudety<\/em>), Suur-Poola<\/code> (Wielkopolska<\/em>), Tatrad<\/code> (Tatry<\/em>), Varssavi<\/code> (Warszawa<\/em>), V\u00e4ike-Pommeri<\/code> ehk Ida-Pommeri<\/code> (Pomorze Gda\u0144skie<\/em>), V\u00e4ike-Poola<\/code> (Ma\u0142opolska<\/em>), \u00dclem-Sileesia<\/code> (G\u00f3rny \u015al\u0105sk<\/em>). Ekson\u00fc\u00fcmid r\u00f6\u00f6pv\u00f5imalusena: Krak\u00f3w<\/code> ehk Krakov<\/code>, Kujawy<\/code> ehk Kujaavia<\/code>, Wis\u0142a<\/code> ehk Visla<\/code> (j\u00f5gi).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kirjandus<\/h2>\n\n\n\n