{"id":6580,"date":"2021-10-28T05:55:49","date_gmt":"2021-10-28T02:55:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/193.40.33.167\/teatmik\/?p=6580"},"modified":"2026-09-04T09:42:10","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T06:42:10","slug":"birma-nimed","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/birma-nimed\/","title":{"rendered":"Birma nimed"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Hiina-tiibeti keelkonna tiibeti-birma keelte lolo-birma r\u00fchma kuuluv birma keel (\u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u1005\u102c Myanmasa<\/em>) on Myanmari ehk Birma ametikeel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kirjutus<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Birma keel kasutab oma kirja, mis on t\u00fc\u00fcbilt silpkiri. Silpkirja \u00fcks m\u00e4rk vastab tavaliselt silbile, milles on kaash\u00e4\u00e4lik + t\u00e4ish\u00e4\u00e4lik, nt \u1000 ka<\/em>. Muid t\u00e4ish\u00e4\u00e4likuid kaash\u00e4\u00e4liku j\u00e4rel m\u00e4rgitakse birma kirjas \u1000 ka<\/em>-silbile alla, \u00fcles, ette v\u00f5i taha lisatud m\u00e4rkidega: \u1000 ka<\/em>, \u1000\u102c ka<\/em>, \u1000\u102d ki<\/em>, \u1000\u102e ki<\/em>, \u1000\u102f ku<\/em>, \u1000\u1030 ku<\/em>, \u1000\u1032 k\u00e8<\/em>, \u1000\u1031\u102c kaw<\/em>, \u1000\u1031\u102c\u103a\u200c kaw<\/em>, \u1000\u102d\u102f ko<\/em>, \u1000\u1031 ke<\/em>, \u1000\u1036 kan<\/em>, \u1000\u103a k<\/em>. (Reas korduvad t\u00e4ish\u00e4\u00e4likud m\u00e4rgivad eri toone, k\u00f5ige viimane on silbil\u00f5puvariant, ilma t\u00e4ish\u00e4\u00e4likuta.) Birma kirja p\u00f5hisilbid (looksulgudes ladina vaste):<\/p>\n\n\n\r\n

\r\n\r\n

\u1000 {ka}<\/code>, \u1001 {ka}<\/code>, \u1002 {ga}<\/code>, \u1003 {ga}<\/code>, \u1004 {nga}<\/code>, \u1005 {sa}<\/code>, \u1006 {sa}<\/code>, \u1007 {za}<\/code>, \u1008 {za}<\/code>, \u100a {nya}<\/code>, \u100b {ta}<\/code>, \u100c {ta}<\/code>, \u100d {da}<\/code>, \u100e {da}<\/code>, \u100f {na}<\/code>, \u1010 {ta}<\/code>, \u1011 {ta}<\/code>, \u1012 {da}<\/code>, \u1013 {da}<\/code>, \u1014 {na}<\/code>, \u1015 {pa}<\/code>, \u1016 {pa}<\/code>, \u1017 {ba}<\/code>, \u1018 {ba}<\/code>, \u1019 {ma}<\/code>, \u101a {ya}<\/code>, \u101b {ya}<\/code>, \u101c {la}<\/code>, \u101d {wa}<\/code>, \u101e {tha}<\/code>, \u101f {ha}<\/code>, \u1020 {la}<\/code>, \u1021 {a}<\/code>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Birma nimede kirjutamiseks ladina t\u00e4htedega ei ole \u00fchtset rahvusvahelist s\u00fcsteemi. Pikka aega oli ainus latinisatsioon see, mille USA ja Briti kohanimekomitee (BGN ja PCGN) 1970. a kokku leppisid<\/a>, tuginedes Briti koloniaalajal 1907 avaldatud tabelitele.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Birma kiri ei anna t\u00e4nap\u00e4eva h\u00e4\u00e4ldust alati t\u00e4pselt edasi, n\u00e4iteks muutuvad helitud sulgh\u00e4\u00e4likud s\u00f5na keskel t\u00e4ish\u00e4\u00e4likute vahel helilisteks (*Ayataw<\/em> \u2192 Ayadaw<\/code>), r\u00f5hutute esisilpide tuumad v\u00f5ivad lihtsustuda ebam\u00e4\u00e4rase t\u00e4ish\u00e4\u00e4likuga l\u00f5ppevaks silbiks (latinisatsioonis m\u00e4rgitud a<\/em>-ga, nt *Sitkaing<\/em> \u2192 Sagaing<\/code>, *Pandaung<\/em> \u2192 Padaung<\/code>, *Puthein<\/em> \u2192 Pathein<\/code>) jne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1989. a v\u00f5ttis Birma s\u00f5jav\u00e4eline hunta maa nimena kasutusele Myanmari ja valitsuskomisjon alustas kohanimede kirjutusviisi parandamist inglisp\u00e4rasest birmap\u00e4raseks, tehes seda moel, mis segadust suurendas. L\u00e4hteks v\u00f5eti ilmselt umbm\u00e4\u00e4rane kujutlus sellest, kuidas v\u00f5iks keskmine ameeriklane v\u00f5i inglane kirjapandut osata h\u00e4\u00e4ldada, nt (sulgudes h\u00e4\u00e4ldus): Ayeyarwady<\/em> [ejawadi], Bago<\/em> [pegu], Hlinebwe<\/em> [hlai\u014bbwe], Mawlamyine<\/em> [molamjai\u014b]. Mingit kindlat s\u00fcsteemi ei ole, lisaks on eri allikais kasutusel \u00fche ja sama nime teisendeid. V\u00f5rdluseks m\u00f5ned nimed eri s\u00fcsteemides (2. veerus on transliteratsioon ametliku birma keele komisjoni 1980. a s\u00fcsteemi kohaselt<\/a>):<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Birma nimi<\/th>Transliteratsioon 1980<\/th>BGN\/PCGN 1970<\/th>Ametlik latinisatsioon<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
\u1001\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038<\/td>hkyang: twang:<\/td>Chindwin<\/td>Chindwinn<\/td><\/tr>
\u1027\u101b\u102c\u101d\u1010\u102e<\/td>ei ra wa. ti<\/td>Eyawadi<\/td>Ayeyarwady<\/td><\/tr>
\u101c\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1018\u103d\u1032<\/td>hluing: bhwai:<\/td>Hlaingbw\u00e8<\/td>Hlinebwe<\/td><\/tr>
\u1000\u1010\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a<\/td>ka. tum: pau<\/td>Kad\u00f4nbaw<\/td>Katonepaw<\/td><\/tr>
\u1000\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1015\u103a<\/td>kang: tap<\/td>Kindat<\/td>Kintut<\/td><\/tr>
\u1000\u103b\u100a\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1000\u1014\u103a<\/td>kyany taung kan<\/td>Kyidaunggan<\/td>Kyitaungkan<\/td><\/tr>
\u1019\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u1019\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a<\/td>mau la. mruing<\/td>Mawlamyaing<\/td>Mawlamyine<\/td><\/tr>
\u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c<\/td>mran ma<\/td>Myanma<\/td>Myanmar<\/td><\/tr>
\u1015\u1032\u1001\u1030\u1038<\/td>pai: hku:<\/td>P\u00e8gu<\/td>Bago<\/td><\/tr>
\u1005\u1001\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1005\u103a<\/td>ca. hkan: sac<\/td>Saganthit<\/td>Sakhanthit<\/td><\/tr>
\u1006\u102d\u1015\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1030<\/td>hcip hpru<\/td>Seikpyu<\/td>Seikhpyu<\/td><\/tr>
\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1030\u1000\u103b\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1038<\/td>hcang hpru kywan:<\/td>Sinbyugyun<\/td>Sinpyukyun<\/td><\/tr>
\u1011\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1015\u1004\u103a<\/td>htan: ta. pang<\/td>Tandabin<\/td>Htantabin<\/td><\/tr>
\u101b\u1031\u1016\u103c\u1030<\/td>re hpru<\/td>Yebyu<\/td>Yaphu<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>
Birma nimed eri latinisatsioonides<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\r\n
\r\n

Eesti tekstis tuleks birma nimesid edasi anda ametliku latinisatsiooni kohaselt, nii palju, kui seda on v\u00f5imalik kindlaks teha. Ametlike andmete puudumisel v\u00f5iks aluseks v\u00f5tta BGN\/PCGNi 1970. a s\u00fcsteemi<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n\n

H\u00e4\u00e4ldus<\/h2>\n\n\n\r\n
\r\n

L\u00fchidalt<\/h4>\r\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Birma keel on toonikeel ja r\u00f5hk jaotub silpidele \u00fchtlaselt; Euroopa tavas on r\u00f5hutada viimast silpi. Kuiv\u00f5rd birma nimede kirjapilt varieerub ega anna algset kuju t\u00e4pselt edasi, siis tuleb j\u00e4rgnevaid h\u00e4\u00e4ldusjuhiseid v\u00f5tta v\u00e4ga \u00fcldistena. \u00dchendites hk, hp, hs, ht<\/em> m\u00e4rgib ettelisatud h<\/em> h\u00f5ngust ehk aspiratsiooni, seega h\u00e4\u00e4lduvad need vastavalt [kh], [ph], [sh] ja [th].<\/p>\n\n\n\r\n

\r\n\r\n

Pikemalt<\/h4>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\n\n
T\u00e4hed<\/th>H\u00e4\u00e4ldus<\/th>N\u00e4ited<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
aw<\/strong><\/td>[o(o)]<\/td>Kandawgyi [kandood\u017ei]<\/td><\/tr>
ch<\/strong><\/td>[t\u0161]<\/td>Chindwinn [t\u0161indw\u00b7inn]<\/td><\/tr>
gy<\/strong><\/td>[d\u017e]<\/td>Zawgyi [zood\u017e\u00b7i]<\/td><\/tr>
ky<\/strong><\/td>[t\u0161]<\/td>Kyawzan [t\u0161oz\u00b7an]<\/td><\/tr>
sh<\/strong><\/td>[\u0161]<\/td>Shwenyaung [\u0161wenj\u00b7au\u014b]<\/td><\/tr>
th<\/strong><\/td>[\u03b8] v\u00f5i [\u00f0]<\/td>Theinzeik [\u03b8einz\u00b7eik], Taninthayi [tanin\u00f0aj\u00b7i]<\/td><\/tr>
y<\/strong><\/td>[j]<\/td>Yangon [jang\u00b7oun]<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>
Birma nimede h\u00e4\u00e4ldus<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

M\u00e4rkus. T\u00e4psemas h\u00e4\u00e4lduses j\u00e4\u00e4vad k<\/em> ja t<\/em> silbi l\u00f5pus h\u00e4\u00e4ldamata, seeasemel on k\u00f5risulg [\u0294], nt Theinzeik [\u03b8ei(n)zei\u0294]. Silbi l\u00f5pus olev n<\/em> m\u00e4rgib t\u00e4ish\u00e4\u00e4liku ninah\u00e4\u00e4ldust.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Isikunimed<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Birmalastel on kasutusel ainunimemall<\/strong>, mis t\u00e4hendab, et nimi koosneb \u00fchest elemendist, perekonnanime ei ole. Nime ette pannakse sageli austustiitel, nt u<\/em> ‘h\u00e4rra’ (algselt ‘onu’) v\u00f5i daw<\/em> ‘proua’ (algselt ‘t\u00e4di’). Nt U Nu<\/code>, U Thant<\/code>. Birmalastel on suhteliselt suur vabadus oma nime muuta, vahel ka riikliku j\u00e4relevalveta, mh selleks et t\u00e4histada mingit olulist etappi oma elus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vanemad birma isikunimed on \u00fchesilbilised, XX saj keskpaigast hakati kasutama kahesilbilisi, hiljem on silpide arv tasapisi kasvanud; praegu on mehenimed kuni 4silbilised, naisenimed kuni 5silbilised. N\u00e4iteks birma rahvuslase Aung San<\/code>i (\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1006\u1014\u103a\u1038) vanemate nimed olid Pha ja Suu, m\u00f5lemad \u00fchesilbilised. Aung Sani s\u00fcnninimi oli Htain Lin (\u1011\u102d\u1014\u103a\u101c\u1004\u103a\u1038), praeguse nime v\u00f5ttis ta hilisemas elus. Tema t\u00fctre nimi on Aung San Suu Kyi<\/code> (\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1006\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1005\u102f\u1000\u103c\u100a\u103a), selles nimes on Aung San isa nimi, Suu tuleb isapoolselt vanaemalt ja Kyi tema emalt Khin Kyi’lt (\u1001\u1004\u103a\u1000\u103c\u100a\u103a). Emma-kumma vanema nime lisamine oma nimele on muutunud sagedamaks, ent see ei ole reegel, kasutusel on ka teisi nimetamiss\u00fcsteeme.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Birma isikunimes\u00fcsteemile on iseloomulik austustiitlite kasutamine. Neid on mitmeid, kuid tuntuimad on u<\/em> ‘h\u00e4rra’ ja daw<\/em> ‘proua’. Eespool mainitud Aung Sani vanemate nimed olid koos tiitlitega U Pha ja Daw Suu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nimed perekonnas<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Birma naised abiellumisel nime ei muuda. Ka ei esitle naised end oma meeste nimede kaudu (nagu nt prantsuse tavas Madame Pierre Duval<\/em> vms).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kohanimed<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Myanmari ehk Birma ala kohta k\u00e4ivad ekson\u00fc\u00fcmid: Alam-Birma<\/code> (Myanma Agye<\/em>), Arakani osariik<\/code> (Rakhine<\/em>), Irrawaddy<\/code> (j\u00f5gi, Ayeyarwady<\/em>), Kaja osariik<\/code> (Kaya Pyin\u00e8<\/em>), Kareni osariik<\/code> (Kayin<\/em>), Kat\u0161ini osariik<\/code> (Kachin Pyin\u00e8<\/em>), Kolme Pagoodi kuru<\/code> (Paya Th\u00f4nzu Taunggyalan<\/em>), Kuldne Kolmnurk<\/code> (Shwedyigan n\u00e8mye<\/em>), Mekong<\/code> (j\u00f5gi, M\u00e8kaung Myit<\/em>), Moni osariik<\/code> (Mun Pyin\u00e8<\/em>), Myanmar<\/code> ehk Birma<\/code> (Myanma<\/em>), Salween<\/code> (j\u00f5gi, Thanlwin Myit<\/em>), \u0160ani m\u00e4gismaa<\/code> (Shan K\u00f4nbyinmyin<\/em>), \u0160ani osariik<\/code> (Shan Pyin\u00e8<\/em>), T\u0161ini osariik<\/code> (Chin Pyin\u00e8<\/em>), \u00dclem-Birma<\/code> (Myanma Anya<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Myanmari rahvar\u00fchmad (Wikimedia Commons)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Myanmaris k\u00f5neldakse enam kui 135 keelt. Suurim rahvar\u00fchm on birmalased ehk ametliku terminiga bamarid (lisatud kaardil oran\u017eiga alad), kes moodustavad 68% rahvastikust. Suuruselt j\u00e4rgmine on \u0161anid (10%, kaardil rohelisega), seej\u00e4rel karenid (7%, kaardil punasega), arakanid (4%, kaardil sama v\u00e4rvi kui birmalased), monid (2%, kaardil helesinisega) jt. K\u00f5igi nende rahvaste keeled (\u0161ani, kareni, moni) kasutavad birma kirja, kat\u0161inid (k\u00f5nelejaid 900 000) ja t\u0161inid (780 000) kasutavad ladina kirja. Moni keele k\u00f5nelejaid on 750 000, kuigi monideks loeb end umbes 1,1 mln. K\u00f5ige v\u00e4iksem oma osariigiga rahvas on kajad ehk punakarenid, keda on alla 500 000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kuigi ametlikud nimed on birmakeelsed, on ladinat\u00e4helistel kaartidel seni Myanmari \u00e4\u00e4realadel (Kat\u0161inis, \u0160anis ja T\u0161inis) kasutatud kohalikke nimesid, \u0161ani nimede jaoks oli inglastel ka oma transkriptsioon. Rahvusosariigid ja nende pealinnad:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osariik<\/th>Ametlik lat.<\/th>Birma nimi<\/th>Kohalik nimi<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Arakani<\/td>Rakhine<\/td>\u101b\u1001\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1014\u101a\u103a Rakaing Pyin\u00e8<\/td>…<\/td><\/tr>
pl:<\/em><\/td>Sittwe<\/td>\u1005\u1005\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031 Sittwe<\/td>(Saittwe)<\/td><\/tr>
Kaja<\/td>Kayah<\/td>\u1000\u101a\u102c\u1038\u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1014\u101a\u103a Kaya Pyin\u00e8<\/td>\ua90a\ua922\ua92c\ua91b\ua922\ua92d\ua91c\ua91f\ua924\ua92c K\u00e0y\u0101lh\u00ec<\/td><\/tr>
pl:<\/em><\/td>Loikaw<\/td>\u101c\u103d\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1000\u1031\u102c\u103a Lwainggaw<\/td>…<\/td><\/tr>
Kareni<\/td>Kayin<\/td>\u1000\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1014\u101a\u103a Kayin Pyin\u00e8<\/td>\u1000\u100a\u102e\u1000\u102e\u1062\u103a\u101e\u1032\u1063\u103a Ka Nyaw K\u00e2ws\u00e0e<\/td><\/tr>
pl:<\/em><\/td>Hpa-an<\/td>\u1018\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1036 Ba-an<\/td> \u1016\u1063\u103a\u1021\u1063\u103a\u101d\u1037\u1062\u103a\u1016\u102d Hp\u00e0-\u00c0 W\u00ea-Hpo,
\u100d\u102f\u1036\u1011\u103a\u102f\u1021\u1004\u103a D\u01b0-Htue-Ang*<\/td><\/tr>
Kat\u0161ini<\/td>Kachin<\/td>\u1000\u1001\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1014\u101a\u103a Kachin Pyin\u00e8<\/td>Jinghpaw Mungdan<\/td><\/tr>
pl:<\/em><\/td>Myitkyina<\/td>\u1019\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1014\u102c\u1038 Myitkyina<\/td>Myitkyina<\/td><\/tr>
Moni<\/td>Mon<\/td>\u1019\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1014\u101a\u103a Mun Pyin\u00e8<\/td>\u101b\u1038\u1019\u1031\u102c\u1014\u103a R\u00e8h Mon<\/td><\/tr>
pl:<\/em><\/td>Mawlamyine<\/td>\u1019\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u1019\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a Mawlamyaing<\/td>\u1019\u1010\u103a\u1015\u101c\u102e\u102f Mawtpal\u00fcm<\/td><\/tr>
\u0160ani<\/td>Shan<\/td>\u101b\u103e\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1014\u101a\u103a Shan Pyin\u00e8<\/td>\u1019\u102d\u1030\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1086\u1038 M\u00f6ng Tai<\/td><\/tr>
pl:<\/em><\/td>Taunggyi<\/td>\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038 Taunggyi<\/td>\u1010\u1030\u107c\u103a\u1088\u1010\u102e\u1038 Ton Ti<\/td><\/tr>
T\u0161ini<\/td>Chin<\/td>\u1001\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1014\u101a\u103a Chin Pyin\u00e8<\/td>…<\/td><\/tr>
pl:<\/em><\/td>Hakha<\/td>\u101f\u102c\u1038\u1001\u102b\u1038 Haka<\/td>…<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>
Myanmari rahvusosariigid ja nende pealinnad<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

* Esimene nimi sgoo, teine idapvoo keeles. Sgoo (S’gaw<\/em>) ja pvoo (Pwo<\/em>) on karenite kaks p\u00f5hiharu; pvoodel on kaks kirjakeelt (idapvoo, l\u00e4\u00e4nepvoo).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kohanimeosiste s\u00f5nastik<\/strong> (kohanimedes sagedamini esinevad s\u00f5nad jm osised, kr<\/sup><\/strong> = kareni, kt<\/sup><\/strong> = kat\u0161ini, m<\/sup><\/strong> = moni, \u0161<\/sup><\/strong> = \u0161ani):<\/p>\n\n\n\n