{"id":6988,"date":"2021-11-11T04:59:09","date_gmt":"2021-11-11T02:59:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/193.40.33.167\/teatmik\/?p=6988"},"modified":"2023-10-23T05:27:37","modified_gmt":"2023-10-23T02:27:37","slug":"tigrinja-nimed","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/teatmik.eki.ee\/teatmik\/tigrinja-nimed\/","title":{"rendered":"Tigrinja nimed"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Afroaasia keelkonna semi keelte Etioopia keeler\u00fchma kuuluv tigrinja keel (\u1275\u130d\u122d\u129b T\u012dgr\u012dnya<\/em>) on \u00fcks kolmest Eritrea ametikeelest (koos araabia ja inglise keelega) ning Etioopia Tigray osariigi ametikeel. Keele k\u00f5nelejad Eritreas on tigrinjad (b\u012dhiere t\u012dgrina, t\u012dgr\u012dnya<\/em>, 55% rahvastikust) ja Etioopias tigraid (tegaru, t\u012dgrawot<\/em>, 6,1% rahvastikust). Eritrea ja Etioopia tigrinja keele vahel on erinevusi, mist\u00f5ttu on neid peetud ka eraldi keelteks. Tigrinja keelest tuleb lisaks lahus hoida sellele l\u00e4hedane tigree ehk hassa keel, mida k\u00f5neldakse Loode-Eritreas, vt kaarti allpool.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Eritrea rahvar\u00fchmad (Wikimedia Commons)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Kaardil on tigrinjade asuala m\u00e4rgitud punasega (57%), tigreede asuala helepruuniga (28%). Muud rahvad on sahod (lillaga, 4%), afarid (rohelisega, 3%), kunamad (kollasega, 3%), bilenid (helesinisega, 2%), hedarebid (halliga, 1%), narad (sinisega, 1%), ra\u0161aidad (helekollasega, 1%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kirjutus<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Tigrinja keel kasutab etioopia (geezi) kirja, mis on silpkiri. Silpkirja m\u00e4rk t\u00e4histab tavaliselt kaash\u00e4\u00e4liku + t\u00e4ish\u00e4\u00e4liku \u00fchendit, nt \u1200 he<\/em>. Etioopia kirjas moodustub sama kaash\u00e4\u00e4likuga algavatest silpidest rida seitsme tulbaga, milles kaash\u00e4\u00e4liku m\u00e4rk muudab teatud seadusp\u00e4rasuste kohaselt oma kuju. Olgu n\u00e4iteks silpkirja 1. rida koos tulpade numbritega: 1. \u1200 he<\/em>, 2. \u1201 hu<\/em>, 3. \u1202 hi<\/em>, 4. \u1203 ha<\/em>, 5. \u1204 hie<\/em>, 6. \u1205 h, h\u012d<\/em>, 7. \u1206 ho<\/em>. 6. tulba m\u00e4rk t\u00e4histab nii t\u00e4ish\u00e4\u00e4likuta kui ka l\u00fchikese t\u00e4ish\u00e4\u00e4likuga h\u00e4\u00e4lduvat silpi. Kui v\u00f5tta igast reast 1. tulba m\u00e4rk, siis on tigrinja p\u00f5hit\u00e4hed j\u00e4rgmised (looksulgudes on ladina vasted, sulgudes transliteratsioon, kui erineb):<\/p>\n\n\n\r\n

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\u1200 {he}<\/code>, \u1208 {le}<\/code>, \u1210 {\u1e25e}<\/code>, \u1218 {me}<\/code>, \u1220 {se (\u015be)}<\/code>, \u1228 {re}<\/code>, \u1230 {se}<\/code>, \u1238 {she}<\/code>, \u1240 {k\u2019e}<\/code>, \u1250 {kh\u2019e}<\/code>, \u1260 {be}<\/code>, \u1270 {te}<\/code>, \u1278 {che}<\/code>, \u1280 {\u1e25e (\u1e2be)}<\/code>, \u1290 {ne}<\/code>, \u1298 {nye}<\/code>, \u12a0 {e, \u2019e}<\/code>, \u12a8 {ke}<\/code>, \u12b8 {khe}<\/code>, \u12c8 {we}<\/code>, \u12d0 {\u2018e}<\/code>, \u12d8 {ze}<\/code>, \u12e0 {zhe}<\/code>, \u12e8 {ye}<\/code>, \u12f0 {de}<\/code>, \u1300 {je}<\/code>, \u1308 {ge}<\/code>, \u1320 {t\u2019e}<\/code>, \u1328 {ch\u2019e}<\/code>, \u1330 {p\u2019e}<\/code>, \u1338 {ts\u2019e}<\/code>, \u1340 {ts\u2019e (t\u035fs\u2019e)}<\/code>, \u1348 {fe}<\/code>, \u1350 {pe}<\/code>, \u1268 {ve}<\/code>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Tigrinja nimede kirjutamiseks ladina t\u00e4htedega ei ole \u00fchtset rahvusvahelist s\u00fcsteemi, ingliskeelsetes tekstides on kasutusel USA-Briti s\u00fcsteem (BGN\/PCGN 2007<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\r\n

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Eesti tekstis tigrinja nimede edasiandmiseks puudub keelekorraldusorgani, Emakeele Seltsi keeletoimkonna kinnitatud t\u00e4hetabel. Vajaduse korral v\u00f5ib kasutada USA-Briti 2007. a s\u00fcsteemi<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n\n

H\u00e4\u00e4ldus<\/h2>\n\n\n\r\n
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L\u00fchidalt<\/h4>\r\n<\/div>\n\n\n

R\u00f5hk tigrinja nimedes on liikuv. \u00dclakoma kaash\u00e4\u00e4likut\u00e4he j\u00e4rel m\u00e4rgib ejektiivseid h\u00e4\u00e4likuid, mille h\u00e4\u00e4ldamisel tekib k\u00f5ris sulg ja h\u00e4\u00e4lik saab n\u00f6 lisasurve.<\/p>\n\n\n\r\n

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Pikemalt<\/h4>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\n\n

R\u00f5hk on nimedes m\u00e4rkimata.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e4hed<\/th>H\u00e4\u00e4ldus<\/th>N\u00e4ited<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
ch<\/strong><\/td>[t\u0161]<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
e<\/strong><\/td>[\u00e4]<\/td>Mendefera [m\u00e4nd\u00e4f\u00e4ra]<\/td><\/tr>
\u012d<\/strong><\/td>[\u00f5]<\/td>F\u012dlf\u012dl [f\u00f5lf\u00f5l}<\/td><\/tr>
ie<\/strong><\/td>[e]<\/td>Iertra [ertra]<\/td><\/tr>
j<\/strong><\/td>[d\u017e]<\/td>Serejakh’a [s\u00e4r\u00e4d\u017eakha]<\/td><\/tr>
kh<\/strong><\/td>[h(h)]<\/td>Tokhonda [tohhonda]<\/td><\/tr>
kh’<\/strong><\/td>[kh]<\/td>Nakh’fa [nakhfa]<\/td><\/tr>
sh<\/strong><\/td>[\u0161]<\/td>Gash-Barka [ga\u0161-barka]<\/td><\/tr>
y<\/strong><\/td>[j] ~ [i]<\/td>Denkelya [d\u00e4nk\u00e4lja], T\u012dgray [t\u00f5grai]<\/td><\/tr>
zh<\/strong><\/td>[\u017e]<\/td><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>
Tigrinja nimede h\u00e4\u00e4ldus<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Isikunimed<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Tigrinja, laiemalt Eritrea ja Etioopia isikunimemall on eesnimi + isanimi<\/strong>. Nt \u12a2\u1233\u12ed\u12eb\u1235 \u12a3\u134d\u12c8\u122d\u1242 Isayyas Afwerk'<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Perekonnanimi etiooplastel ja eritrealastel puudub, seeasemel on nende t\u00e4htsaim nimi eesnimi. Nimede valik on lai, palju on t\u00f5lgitavaid ehk l\u00e4bipaistvaid nimesid, nt mehenimed Haisem<\/code> (‘l\u00f5vibeebi’), Hienok<\/code> (‘p\u00fchendunu’), Haben<\/code> (‘minu uhkus’), naisenimed Hiyabel<\/code> (‘kink Jumalalt’), Hebron<\/code> (‘selts’), Luwam<\/code> (‘rahulik uni’), m\u00f5lemasoonimi Hermon<\/code> (‘p\u00fcha m\u00e4gi’). Sagedamad mehenimed on veel Dawit, Seyoum, Merhawi, Daniel, Deglel, Sirak, Sibhat, Gebremariam, Ghebrekidan, Twelde; sagedamad naisenimed Rigbe, Selamawit, Tieghisti, Tirhas, Tsegga, Sara, Merhawit, Danayt, Seble, Ghidey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kohanimed<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Eritrea piirkonnad EKI kohanimeandmebaasis:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Provintsi nimi<\/th>T\u00f5lge v\u00f5i seletus<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
\u12d3\u1295\u1230\u1263 \u2018Anseba<\/td>(linna nimi)<\/td><\/tr>
\u12f0\u1261\u1265 Debub<\/td>L\u00f5unapiirkond<\/td><\/tr>
\u12f0\u1261\u1263\u12ca \u1240\u12ed\u1215 \u1263\u1215\u122a Debubawi K\u2019eyy\u012d\u1e25 Ba\u1e25ri<\/td>L\u00f5una-Punase Mere piirkond<\/td><\/tr>
\u130b\u123d-\u1263\u122d\u12ab Gash-Barka<\/td>…<\/td><\/tr>
\u121b\u12a5\u12a8\u120d Ma\u2019kel<\/td>Keskpiirkond<\/td><\/tr>
\u1230\u121c\u1293\u12ca \u1240\u12ed\u1215 \u1263\u1215\u122a Semienawi K\u2019eyy\u012d\u1e25 Ba\u1e25ri<\/td>P\u00f5hja-Punase Mere piirkond<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>
Eritrea provintsid<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Tigray osariik Etioopias (Wikimedia Commons)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Etioopia Tigray osariigi kohanimed on r\u00f6\u00f6pselt amhara ja tigrinja keeles:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amhara nimi<\/th>Tigrinja nimi<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
\u1275\u130d\u122b\u12ed Tigray<\/td>\u1275\u130d\u122b\u12ed T\u012dgray<\/td><\/tr>
\u1218\u1240\u120c Mek’el\u0113<\/td>\u1218\u1250\u1208 Mekh’elle<\/td><\/tr>
\u12a0\u12ad\u1231\u121d Aksum<\/td>\u12a3\u12bd\u1231\u121d Akhsum<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>
Tigray osariigi kohanimed<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

V\u00f5rdluseks veel m\u00f5ned Tigray linnanimed (tigrinja<\/code>, amhara<\/em>; kui algkirjapilt on sama, on vahel v\u00f5rdluskriips): \u12d3\u1265\u12ea \u12d3\u12f2 \u2018Ab\u012dyi \u2018Adi<\/code> || \u12d0\u1262\u12ed \u12d3\u12f2 \u2018Abb\u012by \u2018Add\u012b<\/em>; \u12d3\u12f2\u130d\u122b\u1275 \u2018Adigrat<\/code> || \u12d3\u12f2 \u130d\u122b\u1275 \u2018Add\u012b Grat<\/em>; \u12d3\u12f5\u12cb \u2018Adwa<\/code> || \u12a0\u12f7Adwa<\/em>; \u12a3\u120b\u121b\u1323 Alamat'a<\/code> = \u12a0\u120b\u121b\u1323 Alamat\u2019a<\/em>; \u1211\u1218\u122b \u1e24umera<\/code> = \u1211\u1218\u122b Humera<\/em>; \u121b\u12ed\u1328\u12cd Maych'ew<\/code> || \u121b\u12ed \u1328\u12cd May Ch\u2019ew<\/em>; \u1218\u12be\u1292 Mekhoni<\/code> || ?; \u1290\u1260\u1208\u1275 Nebelet<\/code> = \u1290\u1260\u1208\u1275 Nebelet<\/em>; \u1238\u122b\u122e Sheraro<\/code> = \u1238\u122b\u122e Sheraro<\/em>; \u123d\u1228 \u12a5\u1295\u12f3\u1235\u120b\u1230 Shire \u012cndas\u012dlasse<\/code> || \u123d\u122c \u12a5\u1295\u12f3 \u1225\u120b\u1234 Shir\u0113 Inda Sillas\u0113<\/em>; \u12cd\u1245\u122e W\u012dk'ro<\/code> = \u12cd\u1245\u122e Wik’ro<\/em>; \u12db\u120b\u121d\u1260\u1233 Zalambessa<\/code> || ?.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kirjandus<\/h2>\n\n\n\n